Anticancer Potential of Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloid Berberine

Abstract

Despite the availability of several therapeutic strategies and many drugs, the ability to cure most cancers remains a challenge. Natural products have been used for the treatment of numerous diseases, including cancer. The present review delineates various preclinical studies performed in vitro and in vivo that explore the anticancer potential of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid found in numerous plants as a secondary metabolite. Berberine can kill various types of human cancer cells in an optimal concentration- and duration-dependent manner and inhibit the growth of various types of cancers in animal models by elevating oxidative stress. In addition, berberine suppresses cell migration, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in different types of cancer cells. Mechanistically, berberine can induce cancer cell DNA fragmentation/apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, autophagy and necrosis. The cytotoxic effects of berberine in different types of cancer cells are mediated by its ability to induce oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest, and inhibit cell migration, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as well as matrix metalloproteinases through the modulation of Wnt and β-catenin signaling. A single clinical study has shown some promise in gastric cancer patients. Though berberine is a relatively safe compound, it should not be prescribed to pregnant or lactating women to avoid adverse effects on developing fetuses and neonates.