Abstract
Aims:The purposes of this study were to determine the anticancer activity of Xestospongia testudinaria sponge isolate and identify the responsible compounds.Materials and Methods:The metabolites were extracted using methanol maceration at room temperature. The separation and purification of metabolites were performed using fractionation and column chromatography. The toxicity was examined using the brine shrimp lethality assay, and the toxic isolates were tested for anticancer activity against HeLa cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the compounds in the isolate.Results:When the methanol extract was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol, the chloroform fraction was the most toxic, with a concentration that results in 50% lethality (LC50) value of 39.81 ppm. After separation of the chloroform extract, fraction B (FB) was the most toxic, with an LC50 value of 44.67 ppm. The isolate from FB showed anticancer activity with a concentration at which 50% of growth was inhibited (IC50) of 2.273 ppm. In total, 21 compounds were identified in anticancer isolates: Nonanedioic acid; tetradecanoic acid; trans-phytol; 2-pentadecanone-6,10,14-trimethyl; pentadecanoic acid; 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-; pentadecanoic acid; 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-; 2,3,7-trimethyloctanal; palmitic acid; docosanoic acid, ethyl ester; 1,E-11,Z-13-octadecatriene; chloromethyl 4-chlorododecanoate; 1-tricosene; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid; 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide; 1-docosene; heneicosane; phosphonic acid, dioctadecyl ester; dodecane,4,6-dimethyl-; n-tetratriacontane; 1-iodohexadecane; and n-heneicosane.Conclusion:These findings indicate that the isolate of X. testudinaria can be used as a natural anticancer toward HeLa cell.
Highlights
Cancer is caused by the abnormal growth and development of cells in the body [1]
The isolate from fraction B (FB) showed anticancer activity with a concentration at which 50% of growth was inhibited (IC50) of 2.273 ppm
These findings indicate that the isolate of X. testudinaria can be used as a natural anticancer toward human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell
Summary
Cancer is caused by the abnormal growth and development of cells in the body [1]. During the course of the disease, these cells may spread to other parts of the body, resulting in death where the currently available therapies are not effective [2,3,4,5]. Cancer is the second most common cause of death after heart disease, responsible for more than 500,000 deaths per year in the United States [6] and an estimated 100 new patients in every 100,000 inhabitants diagnosed every year in Indonesia [7]. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated
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