Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide as a severe pandemic. Although its seroprevalence is highly variable among territories, it has been reported at around 10%, but higher in health workers. Evidence regarding cross-neutralizing response between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is still controversial. However, other previous coronaviruses may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection, since they are phylogenetically related and share the same target receptor. Further, the seroconversion of IgM and IgG occurs at around 12 days post onset of symptoms and most patients have neutralizing titers on days 14-20, with great titer variability. Neutralizing antibodies correlate positively with age, male sex, and severity of the disease. Moreover, the use of convalescent plasma has shown controversial results in terms of safety and efficacy, and due to the variable immune response among individuals, measuring antibody titers before transfusion is mostly required. Similarly, cellular immunity seems to be crucial in the resolution of the infection, as SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells circulate to some extent in recovered patients. Of note, the duration of the antibody response has not been well established yet.
Highlights
Time and time again, emerging and recurring pathogens have posed a threat to humanity and materialized as global challenges to public health [1]
We provide an insight on the currently available evidence regarding the nature of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, especially pertaining to seroprevalence, advances in convalescent plasma therapies, antibody kinetics, and antibody neutralization
There is evidence proving that targets such as ORF8 and ORF3b elicit noticeably strong antibody responses and provide very high specificity and sensitivity for evaluating antibody response, even outperforming serological assays screening for other antigens such as S or N protein [86]. All of these findings further demonstrate that evidence on antibody response in terms of kinetics is worth investigating, as it could provide insight on COVID-19 diagnosis and the maintenance of durable immunity
Summary
Time and time again, emerging and recurring pathogens have posed a threat to humanity and materialized as global challenges to public health [1]. The menace that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents for global health must be met with a thorough understanding of the nature of this highly pathogenic virus, so as to focus on effective strategies that lead to its control and mitigation This viral pathogen has been confirmed, based on phylogenetic evidence, to be in close relationship with other highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus The clinical course of SARS-CoV2 infection is usually asymptomatic or with mild symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath; it can course in extreme cases with respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation This coronavirus can lead to several extrapulmonary manifestations, such as thromboembolic complications, cardiac lesions, acute coronary syndromes, gastrointestinal symptoms, acute renal failure, liver dysfunction, hyperglycemia and diabetic ketosis, neurologic deficits, and dermatologic complications. We provide an insight on the currently available evidence regarding the nature of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, especially pertaining to seroprevalence, advances in convalescent plasma therapies, antibody kinetics, and antibody neutralization
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