Abstract
We evaluated the antifungal and anti-biofilm activity, mechanism of action and cytotoxicity of chloramine T trihydrate (CAT) against Candida spp. The Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentrations (MIC/MFC) of CAT were determined. Changes in CAT-treated C. albicans growth kinetics and micromorphology were evaluated, as well as the mechanism of action, and its effects on biofilm. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the hemolysis method. The data were analyzed by inferential statistics (p ≤ 0.05). CAT showed antifungal activity against all strains, with MIC values ranging between 1.38 and 5.54 mmol/L (MIC75%: 2.77 mmol/L). CAT demonstrated an immediate and sustained action on C. albicans growth kinetics, particularly at 2 × MIC. This compound likely acts on the cell wall and membrane permeability simultaneously and was found to cause changes in C. albicans micromorphology. Tha antibiofilm activity of CAT was similar to that of sodium hypochlorite (p > 0.05) against mature biofilms. CAT was more effective than NaOCl in reducing mature biofilm upon 1-min exposure at 2 × MIC (24 h) and 4 × MIC (48 h) (p < 0.05). Toxicological analysis revealed that CAT had hemolytic activity between 61 and 67.7% as compared to 100% by NaOCl. CAT has antifungal and anti-biofilm properties, probably acting on both cell wall and membrane permeability, and showed low toxicity in vitro.
Highlights
Denture stomatitis is an inflammatory and erythematous condition of the oral mucosa mostly commonly related to the use of complete upper dentures, with prevalence rates among denture wearers ranging from 15% to over 70% [1]
The results demonstrated that chloramine T trihydrate (CAT) has antifungal activity against C
CAT has been studied for many years, there is still a lack of evidence regarding its use in dentistry as an antimicrobial agent [19,20]
Summary
Denture stomatitis is an inflammatory and erythematous condition of the oral mucosa mostly commonly related to the use of complete upper dentures, with prevalence rates among denture wearers ranging from 15% to over 70% [1]. C. glabrata have been isolatedother from species the mucosa that C.species albicanssuch is the causative denture-related infections Such and of patients and arealso thought to be important agents and in the disease onset as C.denture tropicalis,bases. C. krusei and C. glabrata have been isolated from the mucosa denture bases of [2,5,6] These Candida yeasts canagents be isolated from the mucosa does patientsThe andfact thusthat are thought to be important in the disease onset. Chemicals is highly encouraged as a way indicated ascleaning a denture cleaning solution Itsisundesirable such as to enhance effectiveness [7,8,9]. Sodium hypochlorite frequently characteristics, indicated as a denture unpleasant residual odor and flavor,its risk of mucosal burning, metal and residual acrylic resin cleaning solution [7,10].
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