Abstract
A simple two-step, shaking-assisted polydopamine (PDA) coating technique was used to impart polypropylene (PP) mesh with antimicrobial properties. In this modified method, a relatively large concentration of dopamine (20 mg ml−1) was first used to create a stable PDA primer layer, while the second step utilized a significantly lower concentration of dopamine (2 mg ml−1) to promote the formation and deposition of large aggregates of PDA nanoparticles. Gentle shaking (70 rpm) was employed to increase the deposition of PDA nanoparticle aggregates and the formation of a thicker PDA coating with nano-scaled surface roughness (RMS = 110 nm and Ra = 82 nm). Cyclic voltammetry experiment confirmed that the PDA coating remained redox active, despite extensive oxidative cross-linking. When the PDA-coated mesh was hydrated in phosphate saline buffer (pH 7.4), it was activated to generate 200 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for over 48 h. The sustained release of low doses of H2O2 was antibacterial against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. PDA coating achieved 100% reduction (LRV ~3.15) when incubated against E. coli and 98.9% reduction (LRV ~1.97) against S. epi in 24 h.
Highlights
Surgical meshes are widely used to reinforce defective and weakened soft tissues in various types of prolapses including abdominal wall repair such as hernia repair (Baylón et al, 2017) and pelvic organ prolapse treatment (Todros et al, 2016)
The two-step shaken coatings (i.e., 20-2S and 10-2S) exhibited significantly higher H2O2 generation when compared to their corresponding one-step shaken (i.e., 22S and 12S, respectively) and two-step non-shaken coatings (i.e., 20-2NS and 10-2NS, respectively), even though all these samples were prepared with the same total amount of dopamine during the coating process. 20-2S generated over 200 μM of H2O2 after 48 h, which was 1.7–2 times higher when compared to those generated by 22S and 20-2NS
These results clearly indicated that the combination of shaking during coating preparation and a two-step process created coatings with increased ability to be oxidized and generate H2O2
Summary
Surgical meshes are widely used to reinforce defective and weakened soft tissues in various types of prolapses including abdominal wall repair such as hernia repair (Baylón et al, 2017) and pelvic organ prolapse treatment (Todros et al, 2016). Hernia repair is one of the most common surgical procedures with more than 20 million procedures per year worldwide (Kingsnorth, 2004). PP meshes have demonstrated excellent durability and biocompatibility (i.e., biologically inert and non-carcinogenic). Infections associated with surgical mesh are one of the most common post-surgical complications, which result in patient morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, Antibacterial Polydopamine Coated Mesh hernia recurrence, the necessity to remove the contaminated mesh, and the need for a follow-on surgical repair (Waldvogel and Bisno, 2000; Narkhede et al, 2015). It is often difficult to create a stable coating on PP surface due to its inert and non-polar nature (Salimi, 2012; Chashmejahanbin et al, 2014)
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