Abstract
Objective: To evaluate antibacterial, antioxidant activities, the existence of the major secondary metabolites, and volatile compounds in methanolic extracts from M. sylvestris leaves.
 Methods: Antibacterial activity was assessed using a well diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS●+and DPPH● free radical scavenging assays. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites and volatile compounds were done following standard techniques and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS).
 Results: Methanolic extracts exhibited moderate antibacterial activity compared with the positive control against the gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae and the gram-positive bacteria’s Staphylococcus aureus by 47.2 and with 47.1% respectively. The average percentage of scavenging was 97.82±0.05 and 79.49±0.4 for ABTS•+and DPPH●, correspondingly. Total phenols were quantitatively estimated and found to be 78.9±9.55 mg GAE/g. Phytochemical screening assays revealed the presence of a wide range of phytochemical groups such as alkaloids flavonoids, phenols, tannins, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoides with at least sixteen volatile compounds detected in the plant.
 Conclusion: The present study confirmed the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of M. sylvestris and the existence of is the volatile compounds (phytol), which mediate, even partially, the antioxidant and the claimed analgesic activity of the plant.
Highlights
Medicinal plants called medicinal herbs have been frequently used over the years for anticipation and treatment of many diseases as well as for healthiness
Methanolic extract of M. sylvestris leaves displayed antibacterial activity against the gram-negative K. pneumoniae (47.1%) and the gram-positive S. aureus (47.2%) bacteria compared with the positive control
The Phytochemical screening assays for the methanolic extracts of M. sylvestris leaves revealed the presence of a wide range of phytochemical groups such as alkaloids flavonoids, phenols, tannins, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoides
Summary
Medicinal plants called medicinal herbs have been frequently used over the years for anticipation and treatment of many diseases as well as for healthiness. The plant generally grows naturally in moist areas such as near marshes, ditches, riverbanks, and meadows [10] For many decades, this plant is widely used in the traditional Palestinian culture as food and in curing a large number of diseases [11]. Successive petroleum ether extraction of Malva leaves has been reported to exhibit a counter-irritant effect on the rabbit's ear [15] Due to these pharmacological activities of Malva species and others reported by Gasparetto and colleagues (2012), the interest in finding other pharmacological activities or confirming the traditional use of Malva species continues to grow given the large scale at which Malva species grow and the recent existing literature highlighting its effectiveness in treating diseases in Palestine and other parts of the world [5, 8, 11]. The present study was designed to assess the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts from M. sylvestris leaves, and to determine the profile of the secondary and volatile compounds
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