Abstract
In recent years, nanotechnology has attracted attention in many fields because it has several up-and-coming novel uses. Many researchers have suggested that chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) and their derivatives are one of the best nanomaterials for delivering antibacterial activity. CS-NPs have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, but they manifest different inhibitory efficacy against gram-negative (G−) and gram-positive (G+) bacterial species. The mechanism of antibacterial action is an intricate process that varies between G− and G+ bacteria as a result of the differences in cell wall and cell membrane chemistry. In previous studies, greater antibacterial activity was more evident against G− bacteria than G+ bacteria, whereas in some studies G+ bacteria were more sensitive. Researchers predicted that the varied responses of bacteria are caused by the mixed hydrophilicity and negative charge distribution on the bacterial surface. Moreover, its activity depends on a number of variables including bacterial target (i.e., G− or G+ bacteria) and bacterial growth, as well as its concentration, pH, zeta-potential, molecular weight, and degree of acetylation. Therefore, this review examines current research on the mechanisms and factors affecting antibacterial activity, and application of CS-NPs specifically against animal and plant pathogenic bacteria.
Highlights
Chitosan (CS) is a natural cationic biopolymer composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine andD-glucosamine units connected by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages [1,2] (Figure 1)
Qi et al [22] confirmed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) against E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus and showed that only 0.25 to 4 μg/mL of CS-NPs was sufficient to impede the growth of bacterial species (Table 2)
S. aureus was observed after 2 h of co-incubation with CS-NPs, whereas 4 h were required to achieve the same results with CS (p < 0.05)
Summary
Chitosan (CS) is a natural cationic biopolymer composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and. CS exhibits other exceptional biological characteristics, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. These have made it useful in a number of different industries such as medical, food, agriculture, textile, cosmetics and other industries [2,3,9]. CS-NPs have exhibited improved biological activities such as antimicrobial [10,17], anticancer [18,19], anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities [20,21]. This review aims to mechanismsthe and factors affecting antibacterial activity and theactivity application of CS-NPs against animal summarize mechanisms and factors affecting antibacterial and the application of CS-NPs and plant pathogens.
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