Abstract
45S5 Bioglass® (BG) scaffolds with high porosity (>90%) were coated with genipin cross-linked gelatin (GCG) and further incorporated with poly(p-xylyleneguanidine) hydrochloride (PPXG). The obtained GCG coated scaffolds maintained the high porosity and well interconnected pore structure. A 26-fold higher compressive strength was provided to 45S5 BG scaffolds by GCG coating, which slightly retarded but did not inhibit the in vitro bioactivity of 45S5 BG scaffolds in SBF. Moreover, the scaffolds were made antibacterial against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by using polyguanidine, i.e. PPXG, in this study. Osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) were seeded onto PPXG and GCG coated scaffolds. PPXG was biocompatible with MG-63 cells at a low concentration (10 μg mL-1). MG-63 cells were shown to attach and spread on both uncoated and GCG coated scaffolds, and the mitochondrial activity measurement indicated that GCG coating had no negative influence on the cell proliferation behavior of MG-63 cells. The developed novel antibacterial bioactive 45S5 BG-based composite scaffolds with improved mechanical properties are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Tissue and organ failure is a major health problem
After coating with genipin cross-linked gelatin (GCG) (Fig. 1(c)), the interconnected pore structure of the scaffolds was maintained since only very few pores were clogged by the coating, and the porosity slightly decreased to 93%
As shown in the cross section image at a high magnification, the strut of the scaffold is homogeneously covered by the GCG coating (Fig. 1(d)), and the GCG coating firmly adheres to the strut (Fig. 1(d) and (e)), which is qualitatively confirmed by the fact that the GCG coating did not peel off during cutting of the scaffolds
Summary
Tissue and organ failure is a major health problem. Among them, bone is one of the most common tissues necessitating replacement or repair as bone failure can widely result from trauma, tumor, bone related diseases or aging.[1]. 45S5 Bioglasss (BG)-based scaffolds fabricated by the foam replication method meet several important properties of an ideal bone tissue engineering scaffold, due to the intrinsic bioactivity, biocompatibility, osteogenic and angiogenic effects of 45S5 BG,[8,9,10] and the high porosity and interconnected large pore structure derived from the foam replication method.[11,12] The high porosity and large pore size of such scaffolds are favorable for osteogenesis and vascularization throughout the entire 3D structure.[12,13] the high porosity limits the mechanical properties of the scaffolds.[11] Besides the concern of mechanical properties, antibacterial action should be taken into consideration since the risk of infection exists during scaffold implantation which may eventually lead to implantation failure To this end, in previous efforts 45S5 BG scaffolds have been coated with polymers (e.g. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)[14] or polycaprolactone (PCL)/chitosan15), and these polymers were shown to enhance the mechanical properties of the scaffolds without significantly sacrificing the porosity and pore size and impart an antibiotic release function to the scaffolds. The relatively low mechanical properties still limit the potential application of these coated scaffolds
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