Abstract
Red rice contains pharmacological substances including phenolics, oryzanol, tocotrienol and tocopherol. Recently, red rice extract has been employed as a source of antioxidants for inhibition of tumor growth. This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-invasion effects of red rice extract fractions on cancer cells. It was found that at 100 μg/ml of crude ethanolic extract (CEE), hexane fraction (Hex) and dichloromethane fraction (DCM) could reduce HT1080 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell invasion. Hex and DCM revealed higher potency levels than CEE, whereas an ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) had no effect. Gelatin zymography revealed that Hex decreased the secretion and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and-9). In contrast, the DCM fraction exhibited slightly effect on MMPs secretion and had no effect on MMPs activity. Collagenase activity was significantly inhibited by the Hex and DCM fractions. High amounts of γ-oryzanol and γ-tocotrienol were found in the Hex and DCM fractions and demonstrated an anti-invasion property. On the other hand, proanthocyanidin was detected only in the CEE fraction and reduced MDA-MB-231 cells invasion property. These observations suggest that proanthocyanidin, γ-oryzanol and γ-tocotrienol in the red rice fractions might be responsible for the anti invasion activity. The red rice extract may have a potential to serve as a food-derived chemotherapeutic agent for cancer patients.
Highlights
Excess extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by proteolytic enzymes is an important step in cancer cells metastasis
Komsak Pintha et al the suppressive potential of the active fractions that was associated with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secretion, the HT1080 and MDAMB-231 cells were treated with the hexane fraction (Hex) and dichloromethane fraction (DCM) red rice fraction
There is no evidence to show that red rice extract exerts an effect on cancer cell metastasis
Summary
Excess extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by proteolytic enzymes is an important step in cancer cells metastasis. Several studies have shown that γ-oryzanol, γ-tocotrienol and anthocyanidin from pigmented rice exert anti-carcinogenesis and inhibit cancer cell growth (Banjerdpongchai et al, 2013; Zeng et al, 2013; Summart and Chewonarin, 2014). Among those phytochemicals, γ-tocotrienol, protocatechuic, ellagic acid, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid have proven to exhibit anti invasion in cancer cells (Liu et al, 2010; Lin et al, 2011; Weng and Yen, 2012; Pitchakarn et al, 2013; Tsai et al, 2013; )
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