Abstract
Alnus sibirica extracts (ASex) have long been used in Oriental medicine to treat various conditions. To provide a scientific basis for this application and the underlying mechanism, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of ASex in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro model was established using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) treated with inflammatory stimulants (lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma). Lactate dehydrogenase and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that ASex inhibited the increased expression of acute-phase inflammatory cytokines. The in vivo model was established by inducing skin inflammation in NC/Nga mice via the repeated application of house dust mite (HDM) ointment to the ears and back of the mice for eight weeks. HDM application increased the severity of skin lesions, eosinophil/mast cell infiltration, and serum immunoglobulin E levels, which were all significantly decreased by ASex treatment, demonstrating the same degree of protection as hydrocortisone. Overall, ASex showed excellent anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its potential as an excellent candidate drug to reduce skin inflammation.
Highlights
Skin inflammation induces alterations to the stratum corneum, triggering the activation of immune cells, thereby increasing the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent histamine releasing factor and IgE, and the antibody response results in substantial eosinophil infiltration [1]
Several types of Alnus sibirica extract (ASex) were previously shown to significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by inflammatory stimulants, there were some differences depending on the collection area, tree parts, and extraction method [3]
To select the extract for this study, ASex was prepared from the bark of A. sibirica collected from various regions in Korea, and the main components of each extract were evaluated by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (Table 1)
Summary
Skin inflammation induces alterations to the stratum corneum, triggering the activation of immune cells, thereby increasing the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent histamine releasing factor and IgE, and the antibody response results in substantial eosinophil infiltration [1]. The infiltration of various immune cells in turn induces the proliferation of other immune cells by the secretion of various cytokines along with the enhanced production of factors involved in skin formation/proliferation. In this regard, the activation of the NF-kB The development of safe drugs without toxicity and side effects is very important
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