Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of Zingiber officinale mouthwash on patients with fixed orthodontic appliances

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of mouthwashes with0.12% chlorhexidine (CLX) and 0.5% Zingiber officinale essential oil (ZOEO). The gaschromatography-mass spectrometry of ZOEO was developed, and the mouthwash was prepared. Thirty-one adult subjects of both sexes with fixed orthodontic appliances were selected. For 7days, the mouthwashes with CLX, ZOEO, and flavored sterile water placebo were used randomly, with a 15-day interval between each solution. Saliva was collected before the first mouthwash, 1minute and 15minutes after it, and on the seventh day. The patients were subjected to clinical examinations of the bonded bracket index proposed by Ciancio, bleeding on probing, and sensory analysis (flavor). Generalized linear models were used to assess invitro cell viability. The GENMOD procedure was used to assess the changes of bleeding on probing, and Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used for data on colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), bonded bracket index, and flavor, at the 5% significance level. In the microbiologic analysis, the ZOEO mouthwash presented antimicrobial effectiveness for Streptococcus mutans as well as the CLX mouthwash, but it did not show the same substantivity. The ZOEO was efficient in controlling dental biofilm and reducing gingival bleeding. The sensory analyses showed that the flavor for ZOEO and CLX solutions presented low acceptability. The ZOEO mouthwash has an anti-inflammatory property with an effect on reducing gingival bleeding. However, it requires adjustments to the formulation to improve flavor quality.