Abstract
Eryngium foetidum (EF) has long been used as a medicinal plant and culinary spice in tropical regions. Phytochemicals in its leaves have been proposed to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The present study used in vitro digestion coupled with Caco-2 cells to assess such activities. Caco-2 cells were incubated with aqueous fraction from simulated digestion (bioaccessible fraction) of EF leaves with/without bile extract prior to stimulation with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-8 in culture media and the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. Approximately 24% β-carotene and 35% lutein of leaves were present in the aqueous fraction. The transfer of caffeic and chlorogenic acids to the aqueous fraction was 76%–81%, while that of kaempferol was 48%. Prior incubation of Caco-2 cells with the bioaccessible fraction suppressed IL-1β activated IL-8 and MCP-1 by 33%, but the fraction lacking mixed micelles decreased IL-8 and MCP-1 levels only by 11%. The pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with the bioaccessible fraction of EF reduced ROS by 34%; the fraction lacking mixed micelles decreased ROS by 28%. These data suggest that bioactive compounds partitioning in mixed micelles play a significant role to suppress the proinflammatory insult but with a modest antioxidant effect.
Highlights
Intestinal epithelial cells engage in various activities such as the absorption of dietary nutrients and their metabolites and providing physical and biological barriers to gut microbiota, antigens, and xenobiotics
81%, 76%, and 48% of caffeic acid (CA), chlorogenic acid (CGA), and kaempferol in the freeze dry leaf were present in the filtered aqueous fraction
Incubation with diluted bioaccessible fraction of Eryngium foetidum (EF) generated by digestion in absence of bile extract decreased intracellular IL-1β induced Reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 28.5% (p < 0.05). These results indicated that the majority of the antioxidant activity in digested dried EF is due to hydrophilic compounds in the aqueous fraction and not carotenoids and other lipophilic compounds
Summary
Intestinal epithelial cells engage in various activities such as the absorption of dietary nutrients and their metabolites and providing physical and biological barriers to gut microbiota, antigens, and xenobiotics. In response to stimuli such as invasion by pathogenic bacteria, hydrogen peroxide, and inflammatory cytokines during inflammatory response, intestinal epithelial cells secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [1, 2]. Excessive production of such mediators during chronic inflammatory conditions disturbs the gut homeostasis causing onset of intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) [3,4,5]. Elevation of MCP-1 expression is observed in the mucosa of IBD patients [9, 11] and contributes to the pathogenesis of various immunodeficiency and inflammatory diseases [12]. The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of bioactive compounds, and BioMed Research International in particular polyphenolic compounds derived from dietary agents including fruits and vegetables, have been investigated [18, 19]
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