Anti-gout Potential of Malaysian Medicinal Plants.

Fazleen I Abu Bakar,Susi Endrini,Mohd F Abu Bakar,Asmah Rahmat,Norazlin Abdullah,Siti F Sabran

doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00261

Fazleen I Abu Bakar, Susi Endrini + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00261

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Abstract

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, elevation of uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Malaysia is a mega-biodiversity country that is rich in medicinal plants species. Therefore, its flora might offer promising therapies for gout. This article aims to systematically review the anti-gout potential of Malaysian medicinal plants. Articles on gout published from 2000 to 2017 were identified using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar with the following keyword search terms: “gout,” “medicinal plants,” “Malaysia,” “epidemiology,” “in vitro,” and “in vivo.” In this study, 85 plants were identified as possessing anti-gout activity. These plants had higher percentages of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (>85%); specifically, the Momordica charantia, Chrysanthemum indicum, Cinnamomum cassia, Kaempferia galanga, Artemisia vulgaris, and Morinda elliptica had the highest values, due to their diverse natural bioactive compounds, which include flavonoids, phenolics, tannin, coumarins, luteolin, and apigenin. This review summarizes the anti-gout potential of Malaysian medicinal plants but the mechanisms, active compounds, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and safety of the plants still remain to be elucidated.

Highlights

Gout incidence has increased over the past 50 years, especially in developing countries (Kuo et al, 2015)
Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis triggered by interactions between monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and tissue (Dalbeth et al, 2014) during purine catabolism by the enzyme of xanthine oxidase (Nile et al, 2013)
Al-Azzawie and Abd, 2015 Somchit et al, 2012. Reported that both methanol and ethanol had a higher capacity to extract xanthine oxidase inhibitors from all parts of plants; 25% of all plant extracts showed more than 50% inhibition using these two solvents compared to distilled water with only 20% of all plant extracts showing more than 50% xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity

Summary

Introduction

Gout incidence has increased over the past 50 years, especially in developing countries (Kuo et al, 2015). Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis triggered by interactions between monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and tissue (Dalbeth et al, 2014) during purine catabolism by the enzyme of xanthine oxidase (Nile et al, 2013). Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, leading to painful inflammation (Nile and Khobragade, 2011). Uricase is an enzyme that further catalyzes the conversion of uric acid to the highly soluble allantoin that is excreted in the urine (Figure 1). Uricase is not a functional human enzyme and, as a result, humans can develop hyperuricemia (Gliozzi et al, 2016). Gout has been reported to cause tophi, joint deformities, and kidney stones (Teh et al, 2014)

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