Abstract
Spondias mangifera is a drupaceous fruit popular for its flavour and health advantages. There is little scientific knowledge about S. mangifera, despite its widespread usage in traditional medicine, in the North-Eastern region of India. Inhibiting the key carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes is one of the strategies for managing diabetes. Therefore, this study studied the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of different fraction S. mangifera fruit extract (SMFFs) from Indian geographical origin by in vitro experimental assays and silico docking simulation studies. The ADMET prediction for active substances was also investigated using the AdmetSAR database. Based on the binding affinity/molecular interactions between phytocompounds and target enzymes, in silico investigations were done to confirm the in vitro enzymatic inhibitory capability. β-sitosterol in EtOH-F was analysed using RP-HPLC with RP-C18 column as stationary phase and photo diode array detector. The percentage of β-sitosterol was found to be 1.21% ± 0.17% of total weight of extract (w/w). S. mangifera fruit ethanolic extract had a significant inhibitory concentration of 50% against free radicals produced by ABTS (89.71 ± 2.73%) and lipid peroxidation assay (88.26 ± 2.17%) tests. Similarly, the in vitro antidiabetic test findings indicated that S. mangifera inhibited alpha-amylase (73.42 ± 2.01%) and alpha-glucosidase (79.23 ± 1.98%) enzymes dose-dependently. The maximum glycosylated Hb percentage inhibitory activity shown in the ethanolic fraction was (83.97 ± 2.88%) at 500 µg/mL. The glucose uptake of the ethanolic fraction by the yeast cell showed significant (p < 0.05) at 500 µg/mL when compared with metformin (91.37 ± 1.59%), whereas the other fraction did not show the uptake of glucose by the yeast cell at the same concentration. In the docking study, the main phytoconstituents of S. mangifera fruit, such as oleanolic acid, beta-sitosterol, and beta amyrin, show strong affinity for pancreatic α-amylase. These results imply that S. mangifera has α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties and may be used as antidiabetic with antioxidant characteristics.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine system condition that results in hyperglycemia
The glucose uptake of the ethanolic fraction by the yeast cell showed significant (p < 0.05) at 500 μg/mL when compared with metformin
The S. mangifera fruit ethanolic fraction (EtOH-F) has superior inhibitory efficacy compared to the hexane (Hx-F) and chloroform fractions (Chl-F), suggesting that the antioxidants in the hexane and chloroform fractions have a low ability to scavenge free radicals
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine system condition that results in hyperglycemia. It is characterized by long-term chronic hyperglycemia, which eventually leads to ultimate organ failure. DM is expected to impact 783 million people in the world by 2045, up from 537 million in 2021. It is one of the most severe health issues of the twenty-first century, according to the American Diabetes Association, and continues to be one of the fatal illnesses [2,3]. The rising prevalence of diabetes is due to several circumstances, such as oxidative stress caused by the free radical generation that may cause β-cells in the pancreas to malfunction, decreased glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance
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