Abstract
This study aims to comprehensively explore the phytoconstituents as well as investigate the different biological activities of Chasmanthe aethiopica (Iridaceae) for the first time. Metabolic profiling of the leaf methanol extract of C. aethiopica (CAL) was carried out using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. Twenty-nine compounds were annotated belonging to various phytochemical classes including organic acids, cinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and fatty acids. Myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside was the major compound identified. GLC/MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction (CAL-A) resulted in the identification of 45 compounds with palmitic acid (16.08%) and methyl hexadecanoic acid ester (11.91%) representing the major constituents. CAL-A exhibited a potent anti-allergic activity as evidenced by its potent inhibition of β-hexosaminidase release triggered by A23187 and IgE by 72.7% and 48.7%, respectively. Results were comparable to that of dexamethasone (10 nM) in the A23187 degranulation assay showing 80.7% inhibition for β-hexosaminidase release. Both the n-hexane (CAL-A) and dichloromethane (CAL-B) fractions exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity manifested by the significant inhibition of superoxide anion generation and prohibition of elastase release. CAL showed anti-hyperglycemic activity in vivo using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model by reducing fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) by 53.44% as compared with STZ-treated rats along with a substantial increase in serum insulin by 22.22%. Molecular modeling studies indicated that dicaffeoylquinic acid showed the highest fitting with free binding energies (∆G) of −47.24 and −60.50 Kcal/mol for human α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively confirming its anti-hyperglycemic activity. Thus, C. aethiopica leaf extract could serve as an effective antioxidant natural remedy combating inflammation, allergy, and hyperglycemia.
Highlights
Oxidative stress can be defined as the disturbance in the balance between antioxidants and free radicals within the body that leads to cell and tissue destruction
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This study comprehensively studies the phytoconstituents as well as the different biological activities of the C. aethiopica for the first time
Summary
Oxidative stress can be defined as the disturbance in the balance between antioxidants and free radicals within the body that leads to cell and tissue destruction. During the normal process of metabolism, the body releases free radicals with the concomitant production of natural antioxidants to antagonize and neutralize these free radicals. A multitude of factors results in the massive production of free radicals that exaggerates oxidative stress including the unhealthy diet and lifestyle, environmental factors such as exposure to radiation and pollution as well as the natural body immune response that temporarily contributes to oxidative stress [1]. Oxidative stress can provoke an inflammation that releases excess free radicals that in turn promote more oxidative stress resulting in a vicious cycle. Chronic exposure to inflammation because of oxidative stress can elicit various human ailments such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, and cardiovascular disease in addition to cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders [2]. ROS can oxidize guanosine in DNA to 8-oxoguanosine which can lead to mutations and in consequence the genetic diseases such as cancer
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