Anthracene induces oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes in Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta)

Alberto González,Daniela Espinoza,Constanza Vidal,Alejandra Moenne

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87147-5

Alberto González, Daniela Espinoza + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87147-5

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Journal: Scientific Reports	Publication Date: Apr 8, 2021
Citations: 9	License type: open-access

Affiliation: University of Santiago Chile

Abstract

In order to analyze whether the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca can absorb and metabolize anthracene (ANT), the alga was cultivated with 5 µM ANT for 0–72 h, and the level of ANT was detected in the culture medium, and in the alga. The level of ANT rapidly decreased in the culture medium reaching a minimal level at 6 h, and rapidly increased in the alga reaching a maximal level at 12 h and then decreased to reach a minimal level at 48 h of culture. In addition, ANT induced an increase in hydrogen peroxide that remained until 72 h and a higher increase in superoxide anions that reach a maximal level at 24 h and remained unchanged until 72 h, indicating that ANT induced an oxidative stress condition. ANT induced an increase in lipoperoxides that reached a maximal level at 24 h and decreased at 48 h indicating that oxidative stress caused membrane damage. The activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, AP, GR and GP increased in the alga treated with ANT whereas DHAR remained unchanged. The level of transcripts encoding these antioxidant enzymes increased and those encoding DHAR did not change. Inhibitors of monooxygenases, dioxygenases, polyphenol oxidases, glutathione-S-transferases and sulfotransferases induced an increase in the level of ANT in the alga cultivated for 24 h. These results strongly suggest that ANT is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in U. lactuca and the latter involves Phase I and II metabolizing enzymes.

Highlights

In order to analyze whether the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca can absorb and metabolize anthracene (ANT), the alga was cultivated with 5 μM ANT for 0–72 h, and the level of ANT was detected in the culture medium, and in the alga
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are found in water and soil, they are present in crude oil and industrial effluents and they are produced by fossil fuel combustion, oil refining and automobile e missions[1]
A. thaliana plants cultivated with 0–250 μM of PHE showed an oxidative stress condition and the increase in the level of transcripts encoding antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (AP) and in the level of transcripts encoding 14 different GSTs, glucosyl- and glucuronyl-transferases, and enzymes involved in polyamines s ynthesis[14]

Summary

Introduction

In order to analyze whether the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca can absorb and metabolize anthracene (ANT), the alga was cultivated with 5 μM ANT for 0–72 h, and the level of ANT was detected in the culture medium, and in the alga. The aquatic liverwort Riccia fluitans cultivated with 0.5–10 μM of PHE for 96 h showed an oxidative stress condition, a decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, a decrease in photosynthesis efficiency and an increase in transcripts encoding antioxidant enzymes and enzymes involved in polyamine synthesis[13]. A. thaliana plants cultivated with 0–250 μM of PHE showed an oxidative stress condition and the increase in the level of transcripts encoding antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (AP) and in the level of transcripts encoding 14 different GSTs, glucosyl- and glucuronyl-transferases, and enzymes involved in polyamines s ynthesis[14]. GSTs and glycosyltransferases may be involved in the solubilization of PAHs and other hydrocarbons in plants

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