Abstract
Temperature, being the main factor that has an influence on insects, causes changes in their development, reproduction, winter survival, life cycles, migration timing, and population dynamics. The effects of stress caused by a temperature increase on insects may depend on many factors, such as the frequency, amplitude, duration of the stress, sex, or the developmental stage of the insect. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in the enzymatic activity of nymphs and adult aphids Aphis pomi, Macrosiphum rosae and Cinara cupressi, and changes in their response to a temperature increase from 20 to 28 °C. The activity of enzymatic markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), β-glucosidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD)) in aphid tissues was analysed for three constant temperatures. The results of our research showed that the enzymatic activity of aphids (measured as the activity of antioxidant, detoxifying and oxidoreductive enzymes) was mainly determined by the type of morph. We observed a strong positive correlation between the activity of the detoxifying and oxidoreductive enzymes and aphids’ development, and a negative correlation between the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and aphids’ development. Moreover, the study showed that an increase in temperature caused changes in enzyme activity (especially SOD, CAT and β-glucosidase), which was highest at 28 °C, in both nymphs and adults. Additionally, a strong positive correlation between metabolic activity (heat flow measured by microcalorimeter) and longevity was observed, which confirmed the relationship between these characteristics of aphids. The antioxidant enzyme system is more efficient in aphid nymphs, and during aphid development the activity of antioxidant enzymes decreases. The antioxidant enzyme system in aphids appears to deliver effective protection for nymphs and adults under stressful conditions, such as high temperatures.
Highlights
Increasing ambient temperature can cause changes in insect biology, behaviour and development, and changes at cellular and metabolic levels, disrupting the natural balance between ROS production and reduction [1,2,3,4,5]
In order to explain the pattern of aphid enzymatic response depending on developmental stage and temperature, we examined the relationships between the enzyme characteristics and the differential in aphid’s enzymatic response represented by the principal component analysis (PCA) axis scores
Such relationships were observed in M. rosae and C. cupressi (Table 1)
Summary
Increasing ambient temperature can cause changes in insect biology, behaviour and development, and changes at cellular and metabolic levels, disrupting the natural balance between ROS production and reduction [1,2,3,4,5]. In order to defend against the effects of ROS, organisms have a number of defense mechanisms [12]. Herbivores, such as chewing insects [6,13,14,15] and sucking-piercing insects, which include aphids [16,17,18,19,20], possess a system of enzymes, the role of which is to destroy toxic ROS. Herbivores, such as chewing insects [6,13,14,15] and sucking-piercing insects, which include aphids [16,17,18,19,20], possess a system of enzymes, the role of which is to destroy toxic ROS. 4.0/).
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