Ankle Joint Pressure in Supination-External Rotation Injuries: A Dynamic Biomechanic Cadaveric Study

Abstract

Category:Ankle; Basic Sciences/Biologics; TraumaIntroduction/Purpose:In isolated lateral malleolar fractures of the supination-external rotation (SER) type and competent medial stabilizers (type II and III), non-operative treatment has yielded excellent outcome. With complete rupture of the deltoid ligament (SER type IV) fracture instability increases substantially. The rationale for operative treatment of SER type IV fractures is based upon good clinical results and previous biomechanical studies. A significant reduction of the ankle contact area that however is caused by an artificially forced lateralization of the talus in the ankle mortise has been demonstrated. Presumed resultant elevated joint contact stresses are thought to lead to ankle arthritis in the longterm.Methods:In 12 lower leg specimen SER type injuries were simulated by gradual bony and ligamentous destabilization of the ankle from lateral to medial according to the mechanism of injury as described by Lauge and Hansen. High-resolution pressure sensors placed in the ankle joint recorded tibio-talar pressure changes at physiologic weightbearing (700N) in three positions (plantigrade, 10° dorsiflexion and 20° plantarflexion).Results:With increasing instability changes of the ankle kinematics were seen in SER II and III fractures with the same trend also in SER IV lesions. In the plantigrade position, the medial clear space (MCS) increased significantly from an average of 2.5+-0.4mm (no fracture) to 3.9+-1.1mm (SER type IV fracture). However, the corresponding peak pressure increased only slightly from 2.6+-0.5 mPa to 3.0+-1.4 mPa on average, and the contact area decreased slightly from 810+-42 mm2 to 735+-27mm2 on average representing a non-significant reduction of only 9% of the contact area (p=0.08) after the deep deltoid ligament was completely dissected.The comparison of the results in plantigrade and plantarflexed position revealed substantial differences for MCS, contact area and center of force.Conclusion: Under physiologic load SER type IV isolated lateral malleolar fracture with completely disrupted deep deltoid ligament led to a significant increase of the MCS, but neither to a significant decrease of the of the joint contact area nor significant increase of peak pressure. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this biomechanical study support the recently reported good clinical results of non-operative treatment of SER type II to IV fractures.