Abstract
The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is an endangered species primarily distributed in the southern China and Himalayas. It lives in mountain forests with bamboo understory. This review outlines the normal anatomy of the red panda in terms of its musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system and urogenital system. Knowledge of the normal anatomy of individual animal species is important for species identification and accurate interpretation and diagnosis of diseases.
Highlights
This review outlines the normal anatomy of the red panda in terms of its musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system and urogenital system
Knowledge of the normal anatomy of individual animal species is important for species identification and accurate interpretation and diagnosis of diseases
This review outlines the normal anatomy of the red panda as a reference for clinical use and species identification
Summary
The vertebral formula of the red panda is 7 cervical, 14 thoracic, 6 lumbar, 3 fused sacral and up to 19 caudal (coccygeal) vertebrae [C7, T14, L6, S3, Cd19] (Flower, 1870; Fisher 2011; Makungu et al, 2016; Makungu et al, 2018). The left lung consists of two triangular lobes i.e. the cranial and caudal lobes (Flower, 1870; Makungu, 2015). The right lung has four lobes namely; the cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes (Makungu, 2015). The caudal branch of the left principal bronchus is confined to the caudal lobe of the left lung, whereas, the caudal branch of the right principal bronchus sends bronchial branches to the accessory and middle lobes (Flower, 1870; Makungu, 2015)
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