Abstract
A musculoskeletal model of the hand and wrist can provide valuable biomechanical and neurophysiological insights, relevant for clinicians and ergonomists. Currently, no consistent data-set exists comprising the full anatomy of these upper extremity parts. The aim of this study was to collect a complete anatomical data-set of the hand and wrist, including the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. One right lower arm, taken from a fresh frozen female specimen, was studied. Geometrical data for muscles and joints were digitized using a 3D optical tracking system. For each muscle, optimal fiber length and physiological cross-sectional area were assessed based on muscle belly mass, fiber length, and sarcomere length. A brief description of model, in which these data were imported as input, is also provided. Anatomical data including muscle morphology and joint axes (48 muscles and 24 joints) and mechanical representations of the hand are presented. After incorporating anatomical data in the presented model, a good consistency was found between outcomes of the model and the previous experimental studies.
Highlights
Modeling of the human hand can reveal important information about biomechanical mechanisms and provide a basis for investigating hand dysfunction and pathologies
The extensor mechanism of the fingers is a collagenous web in which the Extensor Digitorum Communis muscle (EDC) and the intrinsic muscles are integrated, and which allows for force transfer from the intrinsic muscles at the metacarpal phalangeal (MCP) joint to the extensor side of the fingers (Levangie & Norkin 2011)
We developed a linked segment model of the hand in SPACAR via a similar approach to the Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model (DSEM) which can be driven kinematically
Summary
Modeling of the human hand can reveal important information about biomechanical mechanisms and provide a basis for investigating hand dysfunction and pathologies. Building a complete musculoskeletal model of the hand is highly complicated due to its intricate anatomy, including the intrinsic muscles and the extensor mechanism, and the high number of degrees of freedom (DOF). Hand function results from the combined contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. Extrinsic hand muscles originate from the forearm with a long tendon inserting onto the (meta) carpals or fingers. The origins of intrinsic muscles can be found distal to the wrist joint. They insert onto either extensor mechanism or fingers. The extrinsic muscles are thought to be the main force producing muscles, while the intrinsic muscles appear to work as modulators for balancing the moments around finger joints (Buford et al 2005). The extensor mechanism of the fingers is a collagenous web in which the Extensor Digitorum Communis muscle (EDC) and the intrinsic muscles are integrated, and which allows for force transfer from the intrinsic muscles at the metacarpal phalangeal (MCP) joint to the extensor side of the fingers (Levangie & Norkin 2011)
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