Abstract
The development of new polymer scaffolds is essential for tissue engineering and for culturing cells. The use of non-mammalian bioactive components to formulate these materials is an emerging field. In our previous work, a scaffold based on salmon gelatin was developed and tested in animal models to regenerate tissues effectively and safely. Here, the incorporation of anatase nanoparticles into this scaffold was formulated, studying the new composite structure by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The incorporation of anatase nanoparticles modified the scaffold microstructure by increasing the pore size from 208 to 239 µm and significantly changing the pore shape. The glass transition temperature changed from 46.9 to 55.8 °C, and an increase in the elastic modulus from 79.5 to 537.8 kPa was observed. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was tested using C2C12 myoblasts, modulating their attachment and growth. The anatase nanoparticles modified the stiffness of the material, making it possible to increase the growth of myoblasts cultured onto scaffolds, which envisions their use in muscle tissue engineering.
Highlights
Tissue engineering uses therapeutic alternatives that allow the functional regeneration of damaged tissues, mainly through the inclusion of materials and cells in the affected areas, providing factors for cell proliferation and tissue repair [1]
This effect could be related to an increase in viscosity of the polymer solutions due to the inclusion of anatase nanoparticles [27]
The development of scaffolds for tissue engineering requires the exploration of different polymeric
Summary
Tissue engineering uses therapeutic alternatives that allow the functional regeneration of damaged tissues, mainly through the inclusion of materials and cells in the affected areas, providing factors for cell proliferation and tissue repair [1]. The materials used to culture cells for tissue engineering require specific characteristics and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to treat the injured tissue [2]. The microstructure of these biomaterials, the way in which some of their features (e.g., pores) are distributed and interconnected, together with the type of synthesis (e.g., chemical crosslinking) [3] used in the fabrication, contribute to the establishment of the scaffold concept in tissue engineering [4], which supports the deposition of cells, and maintains active properties that enable cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [5]. Gelatin from salmon skin, like other cold-water fish gelatins, has a lower concentration of imino acids (proline and hydroxyproline) and a lower molecular weight distribution, showing significant differences in thermal and viscoelastic properties compared with mammalian (bovine or porcine) and warm-water fish gelatins, providing some advantages for scaffold fabrication [11,12]
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