Analyzing the impact of Low Emission Zones on modal shift

Abstract

• The main goal is to identify key factors determining modal shift caused by a LEZ. • “Madrid Central” LEZ triggered a notable modal shift towards sustainable modes. • The highest modal shift rates are observed among car users. • Modal shift is mainly explained by mobility habits and socio-demographic variables. • Environmental awareness and political ideology do not play a key role. Although Low Emission Zones (LEZs) have been adopted to address the environmental challenge of improving air quality in urban contexts worldwide, limited attention has been paid to studying their effects on promoting a shift to greener modes. This paper aims to gain insight into that issue by studying the case of “Madrid Central”, a LEZ recently implemented in Spain. A survey campaign was conducted to explore changes in modal shift declared by respondents due to the LEZ implementation. Based on that, a discrete choice analysis was conducted to identify key factors determining changes in the modal share after implementing the LEZ. The results show the high impact of the LEZ on decreasing car use and promoting cleaner modes thereby contributing to reduce air pollution. The paper concludes that modal shift is mainly associated with socio-demographic variables, individual perceptions towards LEZs and mobility habits. By contrast, attitudinal variables were not found relevant for explaining modal shift. The effectiveness of “Madrid Central” in reducing car use provides policy-makers with lessons and a guidelines for implementing LEZs. Given the scarcity of research about that specific topic, the results are scalable to other experiences in the international context.