Analyzing heat transfer behavior in two-dimensional Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium using magnetized nanoparticles

Abstract

This study investigates the two-dimensional boundary layer flow and heat transfer of an incompressible fluid over a plate embedded in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium of magnetite ternary hybrid ferrofluid in the presence of suction or injection. It uniquely includes the effects of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation in the energy equation, offering a comprehensive analysis of the phenomena involved. The research focuses on three nanoparticle (NP) combinations of ferrofluid particles ( Fe 3 O 4 ) and metal oxide NPs ( CuO / TiO 2 ) dispersed in an aquatic base fluid with different volume fractions. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations and solved using the Runge–Kutta-based shooting technique. The study evaluates key physical quantities, such as the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, and examines the effects of dimensionless parameters, including the absorbent Reynolds number (Re), expansion ratio (α), Peclet number (Pe), Eckert number (Ec), NP volume fractions ( φ 1 , φ 2 , and φ 3 ) , porous medium parameter (r), and Darcy-porous medium parameter (F), on velocity and temperature profiles. The results indicate that increasing the porous medium parameters r and F leads to opposite shear stress effects in the dual-porosity medium. Higher Peclet number (Pe) and Eckert number (Ec) values enhance heat transfer rates within the thermal boundary layers. Moreover, elevated Reynolds number (Re) and expansion ratio (α) values result in opposing radial velocity profiles within the momentum boundary layers. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the complex interactions governing ternary ferrofluid flow and thermal performance in dual-porosity media, contributing to advancements in fluid system applications.