Analyzing correlation with BER: Constellation diagrams across various modulation modes and FDM/OFDM

Abstract

Over the last two decades, owing to rapid advancements in digital signal processing and integrated circuit technology, Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) have emerged as pivotal technologies for wireless multimedia communication. Research reveals that coupling OFDM with diverse modulation modes aids in mitigating the Bit Error Rate (BER) during transmission. Nonetheless, a comprehensive elucidation remains absent regarding the interplay between constellation diagrams and BER, as well as the correlation between FDM and BER. Thus, the primary focus of this research is to dissect the correlation between BER and constellation diagrams for distinct modulation methodologies, while also scrutinizing the impact of FDM on BER. The research methodology adopted herein entails two main steps: First, gathering papers pertinent to constellation diagrams, BER, FDM, and OFDM technology. Second, leveraging survey and literature analysis methodologies for thorough examination. The findings highlight that diverse constellation diagram designs yield disparate BER outcomes post demodulation. Foremost among the influential factors on FDM and OFDM technology BER are distinct Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) patterns and the quantity of subcarriers stemming from signal wave side lobes. To address the BER challenge, a prospective avenue involves refining the selection of constellation diagram styles for demodulation, leveraging an understanding of constellation diagram traits. Furthermore, future research endeavors should delve deeply into co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference to contribute effectively towards BER reduction and augmenting channel reliability.