Abstract
Consumer free riding and the environmental impact of Dual-Channel Closed Loop Supply Chain (CLSC) were explored in this article. There was an extensive examination of the literature and a statistical explanation of various conditions in which people either free ride or do not ride. Electronic commerce (EC) generates revenue for manufacturers. However, the production retailer’s overall fossil fuels (SCE) increase, suggesting that is a government tax (GT) on EC could help reduce both client FR and overall carbon emissions (CE). E-tailers must also receive subsidies from the government, which will help ensure social security. Many intriguing research avenues have emerged from the findings. In an effort to address a need in the literature, this study examines CE in a CLSC system where a producer allocates products via traditional and e-tailer channels and purchases recyclable materials from customers for remanufacturing. A retailer, an e-tailer, or a third-party or multi-party that collects old products might be the focus of future research. A new stochastic demand or lead time model may be a potential field for further investigation.
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