Analytic and Holistic Thinkers: Differences in the Dynamics of Heart Rate Complexity When Solving a Cognitive Task in Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Conditions.

Anastasiia V Bakhchina,Yuri I Alexandrov,Karina R Arutyunova,Vladimir V Apanovich

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.762225

Abstract

Analytic and holistic thinking styles are known to be associated with individual differences in various aspects of behavior and brain activity. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that differences in thinking styles may also be manifested at the level of neuro-visceral coordination. Heart rate variability (HRV) was compared between analytic and holistic thinkers at rest, during a simple motor choice reaction time task and when solving cognitive choice reaction time tasks in conditions with varying instructions contrasting the role of the field when evaluating objects. Participants (N = 52) with analytic and holistic thinking styles were equally successful at solving the cognitive tasks but response times were longer in the analytic group, compared to the holistic group. Heart rate complexity, as measured by sample entropy, was higher in the analytic group during the cognitive tasks but did not differ from the holistic group at rest or during the simple motor task. Analytic participants had longer response times and higher heart rate complexity when evaluating objects in relation to the field than when evaluating objects irrespective to the field. No difference in response times or heart rate complexity between tasks was observed in the holistic group. Our findings demonstrate that differences in individual behavior, including those related to holistic and analytic thinking styles, can be reflected not only in brain activity, as shown previously using fMRI and EEG methods, but also at the level of neuro-visceral coordination, as manifested in heart rate complexity.

Highlights

A theoretical model of analytic vs. holistic thinking was proposed by Nisbett et al (2001) to explain cognitive differences observed between individuals from Eastern and Western cultures
Psychophysiological processes that occur outside the brain are not always considered in cognitive studies but there is substantial evidence demonstrating that neuro-visceral coordination plays an important role in the organization and regulation of individual behavior (Bakhchina et al, 2018; Forte et al, 2019)
In line with the behavioral performance, we have shown that analytic individuals had significantly higher heart rate complexity, as measured by sample entropy (SampEn), than holistic individuals while solving both analytic and holistic experimental tasks

Summary

Introduction

A theoretical model of analytic vs. holistic thinking was proposed by Nisbett et al (2001) to explain cognitive differences observed between individuals from Eastern and Western cultures. Differences in cognitive performance between holistic and analytic individuals have been demonstrated across various tasks involving attention (Ji et al, 2000; Masuda and Nisbett, 2001), categorization (Choi et al, 1997; Ji et al, 2001; Norenzayan et al, 2002), causal attribution (Norenzayan et al, 2002), tolerance of contradiction (Peng and Nisbett, 1999), etc. These differences are reflected in problem solving strategies and brain activity of analytic and holistic thinkers. It will assist in the development of the embodiment theory that views cognition as a whole organism process with the body playing an important role in decision-making and other cognitive activities (Macedonia, 2019)

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