Abstract
This chapter presents the implementation of stable, accurate, and wideband second-order microwave integrators (SOMIs). These SOMI designs are obtained by the use of various cascading combinations of transmission line sections and shunt stubs. In order to obtain the optimal values of the characteristic impedances of these line elements, the particle swarm optimization (PSO), cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) and gravitational search algorithm (GSA) are used to approximate the magnitude response of the ideal second-order integrator (SOI). Based on magnitude response, absolute magnitude error, phase response, convergence rate, pole-zero plot, and improvement graph, the performance measure criteria for the proposed SOMIs are performed. The results of the simulation and statistical analysis reveal that GSA exceeds the PSO and CSA in order to approximate the ideal SOI in all state-of-the-art eligible for wide-band microwave integrator. The designed SOMI is compact and suitable for applications covering ultra-wideband (UWB). The designed SOMI structure is also simulated on Advanced Design Software (ADS) in the form of a microstrip line on a dielectric constant 2.2 RT/Duroid substrate with a height of 0.762 mm. In the 3–15 GHz frequency range, the simulated magnitude result agrees well with the ideal one.
Highlights
Electronic analogue integrators are the basis of analog computers and charge amplifiers, which are performed in the continuous time domain
The study focused on the design and analysis of compact, stable and wideband second order microwave integrators
The designs are obtained by cascading the line elements i.e. transmission line sections, open-circuited stub and short-circuited stub
Summary
Integration plays an important role in many scientific and engineering applications. An integrator is an electronic circuit which produces the output that is the integral of the input applied. Eq (7) shows that the output of an integrator circuit is the integral of the input signal These analog integrators are limited for low frequency application. Digital integrator is a system that performs mathematical operations on a sampled discrete time signal to reduce or enhance certain aspects of that signal It is commonly used for applications such as waveform shaping, coherent detection, edge detection, and accumulator analysis in biomedical engineering and signal processing. It is widely utilized in biomedical engineering and signal processing applications, for example, as waveform shaping, coherent detection, edge detection, and accumulator analysis It is used in radar applications such as the allocation of mobile satellites, enterprise networks, commercial television services and digital services [1]. The novelty of these designed SOMIs exists in terms of wide bandwidth and miniaturization of hardware
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