Analysis of trace phytoavailable heavy metals in saline soil extract by one-step electroextraction coupled with in situ desorption microplasma optical emission spectrometry

Abstract

On-site and sensitive analysis of phytoavailable heavy metals is the key to fast evaluate the pollution incidents, while the development of convenient and efficient sample introduction approaches against matrix interference is crucial to improve the performances of field-deployable instruments. Herein, trace phytoavailable heavy metals in soil are first extracted by 0.1 M NaNO3, afterwards adsorbed onto an activated carbon tip via electroextraction (EE), and finally analyzed by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) microplasma optical emission spectrometry (OES) via in situ desorption. The activated carbon tip is not only able to extract heavy metals from alkali metals/alkaline earth metals matrix, resisting the interference of coexisting anions and non-electroactive species in saline soil extract, but also significantly improves the detection sensitivity of subsequent DBD-OES analysis by increasing loading amounts of analytes. Taking the key heavy metals pollution as model, the detection limits of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb reach 0.8, 2.3, 6.0 and 4.5 μg kg−1, respectively, and precisions are within 2.7–4.6%. The accuracy and practicability of the present miniaturized EE-DBD-OES device have been verified by measuring several certified reference materials and real soil samples, providing a promising tool for convenient and sensitive analysis of trace phytoavailable heavy metals in soil.