Abstract
An extreme landscape is a spatially heterogeneous area with unusual topography that is prone to natural disasters but still exhibits interrelated structures and functions. One of the important functions of an extreme landscape is its ecological function. This study aimed to determine the structure and reveal the ecological functions of an extreme landscape in a tropical region of West Java, with special reference to Rongga Sub-district. The method used was a combination of remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems, which were required to process, analyze, and interpret Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data. The landscape structure was quantified by landscape metrics, after which an analysis of ecological functions was carried out based on the constituent elements of the landscape. The results showed that the landscape structure of Rongga Sub-district consists of various elements of agroforestry land, open fields, settlements, shrubs, plantations, and rainfed and irrigated rice fields. Additionally, secondary forest land acted as a landscape matrix where rivers crossed as natural corridors. The amount of each element varied; agroforestry land had the highest value, indicating that this element showed a high degree of human intervention. Each patch was adjacent to other patch types, and the landscape diversity was quite high. The extreme topography of Rongga Sub-district supports the landscape connectivity and consequently the presence of wild animals in this area. Therefore, Rongga Sub-district has an essential ecological function as a refuge for protected animals living in non-conservation areas.
Highlights
A landscape is a spatially heterogeneous area [1] characterized by a mosaic of patches differing in size, shape, content, and history [2]
The hilly and mountainous landscape of Rongga Sub-district was divided into five slope classes, expressed in percentages, where slope gradients of 45% are considered flat, gentle, moderate, steep, and extremely steep, respectively [29]
Rongga Sub-district is dominated by steep slopes (25%–25%), covering 4505.37 hectares of the area, followed by moderate slopes (15%–25%), covering 2701.14 hectares of the total area, and extremely steep slopes (>45%), covering 2442.73 of the total area
Summary
A landscape is a spatially heterogeneous area [1] characterized by a mosaic of patches differing in size, shape, content, and history [2]. As a result of this interaction, landscapes have a variety of visual, cultural, and ecological constructs. These landscape characteristics make an area unique because of the different element patterns in certain landscape types [4]. A landscape shows the same three basic characteristics of all living systems: structure, function, and dynamics. Structure is the spatial relationship between the different ecosystems (or elements) that make up a landscape. Function is the interaction between spatial elements: the flow of energy, materials, and species between ecosystem components and the intrinsic behavior of complex mosaics. Dynamics comprises the evolution and changes in the structure and function of complex mosaics over time [5]
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