Abstract
The present study attempts to explore the correlation between carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 e), gross domestic product (GDP), land under cereal crops (LCC) and agriculture value-added (AVA) in Pakistan. The study exploits time-series data from 1961 to 2014 and further applies descriptive statistical analysis, unit root test, Johansen co-integration test, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and pairwise Granger causality test. The study employes augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Phillips–Perron (PP) tests to check the stationarity of the variables. The results of the analysis reveal that there is both short- and long-run association between agricultural production, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in the country. The long-run results estimate that there is a positive and insignificant association between carbon dioxide emissions, land under cereal crops, and agriculture value-added. The results of the short-run analysis point out that there is a negative and statistically insignificant association between carbon dioxide emissions and gross domestic product. It is very important for the Government of Pakistan’s policymakers to build up agricultural policies, strategies and planning in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Consequently, the country should promote environmentally friendly agricultural practices in order to strengthen its efforts to achieve sustainable agriculture.
Highlights
The changes in climate affect the productivity of the agriculture sector through a variation in global temperatures, the variability of precipitation and other related factors
The results of the skewness indicate that both carbon dioxide emissions and agriculture value-added have long right-tail distribution while the remaining variables indicate long left-tail distribution
The standard deviation analysis show that the gross domestic product is the most explosive variable with the highest deviation of 1.19 followed by carbon dioxide emissions
Summary
The changes in climate affect the productivity of the agriculture sector through a variation in global temperatures, the variability of precipitation and other related factors. A further decline in crop yield may occur in Africa, Latin America and Asia because adaptive measures are overlooked. The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stated that it would cost about 5%–10% of GDP for Africa to take adaptation measures to combat climate change [2]. They predicted that about a 50% drop in agricultural crops would be observed by Energies 2019, 12, 4590; doi:10.3390/en12234590 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies. The variation in the pattern of rainfall has affected more than one billion people in South Asia [3]. Researchers including [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]
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