Abstract
AbstractThe results of tests to examine the Kroll-Betterton process for the removal of bismuth from lead bullion using calcium and magnesium are presented. The ratio of the masses of the two metals may be optimized to achieve minimum process cost. Losses of the metals in the process are attributed mainly to attrition during dissolution in the bullion. Recontamination of the bullion by bismuth is attributed to contact with residual crusts during bailing. Recycling of crust material does achieve enrichment in bismuth. Concentrations of bismuth, calcium and magnesium in the bullion at ∼320°C give a value of the solubility product in close agreement with published data.
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