Analysis of the Electrical Quantities Measured by Revenue Meters Under Different Voltage Distortions and the Influences on the Electrical Energy Billing

Roberto Perillo Barbosa da Silva,Hamid Reza Shaker,Rodolfo Quadros,Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva

doi:10.3390/en12244757

Roberto Perillo Barbosa da Silva, Hamid Reza Shaker + Show 2 more

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This paper evaluates the impact of voltage distortion on the electrical quantities measured by revenue meters and the influences on the electrical energy billing. This is done through an experimental setup, which combines the following variables for the first time in an experiment: different total harmonic voltage distortion (THDv) levels; among these levels, different harmonic profiles; and different loads. A programmable alternating current (AC) power source was used in the laboratory to apply voltage signals in three electronic loads: a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and two light emitting diode (LED) lighting devices for which voltage signals with THDv 4.9%, 18.8% and 24.5% have been applied. All applied signals contain one or more harmonic order more commonly found in the low voltage grid (3rd, 5th and 7th). For these analyses, a power quality analyzer and a revenue meter were used. The results show that significant and diverse effects on the electrical quantities of individual loads will occur with different THDv levels and harmonic profiles. Comparing with a reference case (sinusoidal condition), when a distorted signal was applied, for the same THDv level, some parameters remained numerically the same, some have improved and some have become worse. This study shows that the effects of combination of the variables such as different THDv level with different harmonic profiles on electrical quantities of loads are not as clear as the effects of considering only one variable. The results of this paper shed light on such effects.

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With the increasing demand for energy and concerns about environmental issues, different approaches have been used for more efficient use of active power and energy
The power factor and the displacement power factor decreased with the increase of the tests considered a harmonic distortion level (THDv) applied
This means that driver topology was the determining factor when this type of analysis was performed and, as seen in the literature review, it was clear that each load had a specific driver topology. Another interesting result was that voltage distortion had improved in some parameters. Such as light emitting diode (LED) B, if we considered power factor (PF) and displacement power factor (DPF), which are used in some countries for reactive power billing, these parameters show a higher value than measured under sinusoidal conditions

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Introduction

With the increasing demand for energy and concerns about environmental issues, different approaches have been used for more efficient use of active power and energy. The signals change to a nonlinear profile, and there is always a valid concern about harmonic distortion This issue has received more attention in recent years with the extensive use of electronic devices with nonlinear elements, in other words, with the ever increasing number of power electronic devices connected to power systems [2,3,4]. This leads to a power quality—PQ—problem due to the harmonics injection in the power network by this equipment [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Power quality is one of the main concerns of both power plant owners and network system operators [11]

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