Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the existence of residual calculus on root surfaces by determining the fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio. Thirty-two extracted human teeth, partially covered with calculus on the root surface, were evaluated by using a portable Raman spectrophotometer, and a 785-nm, 100-mW laser was applied for fluorescence/Raman excitation. The collected spectra were normalized to the hydroxyapatite Raman band intensity at 960 cm−1. Raman spectra were recorded from the same point after changing the focal distance of the laser and the target radiating angle. In seven teeth, the condition of calculus, cementum, and dentin were evaluated. In 25 teeth, we determined the fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio following three strokes of debridement. Raman spectra collected from the dentin, cementum, and calculus were different. After normalization, spectra values were constant. The fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio of calculus region showed significant differences compared to the cementum and dentin (p < 0.05). The fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio decreased with calculus debridement. For this analysis, the delta value was defined as the difference between the values before and after three strokes, with the final 2 delta values close to zero, indicating a gradual asymptotic curve and the change in intensity ratio approximating that of individual constants. Fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio was effectively used to cancel the angle- and distance-dependent fluctuations of fluorescence collection efficiency during measurement. Changes in the fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio near zero suggested that cementum or dentin was exposed, and calculus removed.
Highlights
We evaluated the existence of residual calculus on root surfaces by determining the fluorescence/Raman intensity ratio, which was effectively used to cancel the angle- and distance-dependent fluctuations of fluorescence collection efficiency during measurement
A #5/6 curette (Gracey, Hu-Friedy, Leimen, Germany) was used to remove calculus, the condition of each was evaluated based on the existence of calculus, following removal of calculus after scaling, root planning (SRP), and exposure of healthy cementum, and over-instrumentation, which indicated exposed dentin
A previous study found that values for laser-induced fluorescence at an excitation wavelength of 655 nm on tooth root surfaces were strongly correlated with the presence of calculus [22], which we found in the present study using a 785-nm excitation wavelength
Summary
Periodontitis is an infectious disease initiated in dental plaque by oral bacteria Bacterial pathogenic factors, such as proteolytic enzymes, lipopolysaccharides, and fimbriae, disturb epithelial attachment and connective tissue structure, contributing to periodontal disease progression [1, 2]. Treatment, including the elimination or the control of the biofilm infection and introduction of Lasers Med Sci (2017) 32:1857–1863 careful plaque control measures, in most, if not all, cases results in dental and periodontal health [8]. It does not mean there is no need to do over-instrumentation for healing periodontitis and regenerate periodontal tissue
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