Analysis of modern anesthetic approaches in endoscopic phthisiosurgery

Abstract

Objective — to analyze modern anesthetic approaches and their use in endoscopic phthisiosurgery.
 Materials and methods. During 2008—2021, we performed 133 VATS lung resections in patients with tuberculosis. The following VATS operations were performed: atypical segmentectomy — 29 (21.6 %), typical segmentectomy — 49 (36.9 %), lobectomy — 49 (36.9 %) cases, bilobectomy — 2 (1.5 %), pulmonectomy — 4 (3.1 %) observations.The number of patients diagnosed with newly diagnosed tuberculosis was 62 (46.3 %), with multidrug­resistant tuberculosis 45 (34.4 %) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 26 (19 3 %). One-pulmonary ventilation, which was carried out by endobronchial intubation of the main bronchus of the contralateral lung using a double-lumen tube (DLT) in 115 (86.4 %) patients, in 15 (11.3 %) cases, endobronchial intubation was performed with a single-lumen tube (SLT) and in 3 (3.1 %) tracheal intubation.
 Results and discussion. The use of a DLT for intubation made it possible to reduce the duration of surgery by 20—25 % compared with the use of a SLT or tracheal intubation. When using a DLT, a more stable, faster and better collapse of the lungs was achieved, which in turn gave a decrease in trauma to its parenchyma due to the fact that additional instrumental actions were not required on the part of surgeons to achieve it.Intraoperative blood loss with DLT was (75.4 ± 38.7) and (112.6 ± 51.8) ml with SLT in experiments with intubation of the main bronchus of the contralateral lung and (184.3 ± 89.8) ml in tracheal intubation, largely due to visualization and comfort working conditions of the surgical team.In the recovery of costs, we adhere to restrictive infusion approaches, which allows avoiding overloading the pulmonary circulation, and therefore reducing the number of pulmonary complications. The qualitative composition of the intraoperative infusion program included crystalloid and colloidal solutions. The quantitative ratio during the intubation of DLT was 3 : 0.5, with SLT 3 : 1. The need for transfusion of blood components was only during tracheal intubation.
 Conclusions. The most important task of modern anesthesiology in endoscopic phthisiosurgery is to improve patient safety during surgery. The defining technologies of anesthetic protection in this case should be the following categories: means and methods of general anesthesia, methods of respiratory provision and technical means of their application; full intraoperative monitoring of vital functions.