Abstract
The accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as anthocyanins, in cells plays an important role in colored plants. The synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins are regulated by multiple genes, of which the R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene family plays an important role. Based on the genomic data in the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium database (PGSC) and the transcriptome data in the SRA, this study used potato as a model plant to comprehensively analyze the plant anthocyanin accumulation process. The results indicated that the most critical step in the synthesis of potato anthocyanins was the formation of p-coumaroyl-CoA to enter the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. The up-regulated expression of the CHS gene and the down-regulated expression of HCT significantly promoted this process. At the same time, the anthocyanins in the potato were gradually synthesized during the process from leaf transport to tubers. New transcripts of stAN1 and PAL were cloned and named stAN1-like and PAL-like, respectively, but the functions of these two new transcripts still need further study. In addition, the sequence characteristics of amino acids in the R2-MYB and R3-MYB domains of potato were preliminarily identified. The aims of this study are to identify the crucial major genes that affect anthocyanin biosynthesis through multi-omics joint analysis and to transform quantitative traits into quality traits, which provides a basis and reference for the regulation of plant anthocyanin biosynthesis. Simultaneously, this study provides the basis for improving the anthocyanin content in potato tubers and the cultivation of new potato varieties with high anthocyanin content.
Highlights
It is well known that some plants are colorful, and there are many reasons why plants display multiple colors
Phenylalanine is deaminated by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) to form trans-cinnamic acid; trans-cinnamic acid produces cinnamoyl-CoA under 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL); cinnamoyl-CoA is catalyzed by transcinnamate 4-monooxygenase (C4H) to form p-coumaroyl-CoA; p-coumaroyl-CoA is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids (Vogt, 2010). p-coumaroyl-CoA, through chalcone synthase (CHS), shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavonoid 3, 5 hydroxylase (F3 5 H), flavonoid 3 -monooxygenase (F3 H), naringenin 3-dioxygenase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and other enzymes, catalyzes the final formation of pelargonidin, cyanidin and delphinidin, involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (Martens et al, 2010; Tanaka et al, 2010)
In the potato genome data, a total of 101 genes with the R2R3MYB domain were found by a literature search and sequence alignment (Jung et al, 2009; Zhao et al, 2013; Liu et al, 2016)
Summary
It is well known that some plants are colorful, and there are many reasons why plants display multiple colors. The pH of plant cytoplasmic substrates, the accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as anthocyanins, and environmental factors, such as light, all have an effect on plant color formation (Asen et al, 1972; Dai and Mumper, 2010; Xu X. et al, 2015). The accumulation of anthocyanins and other flavonoids in cells results in plants displaying colors. P-coumaroyl-CoA, through chalcone synthase (CHS), shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavonoid 3 , 5 hydroxylase (F3 5 H), flavonoid 3 -monooxygenase (F3 H), naringenin 3-dioxygenase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and other enzymes, catalyzes the final formation of pelargonidin, cyanidin and delphinidin, involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (Martens et al, 2010; Tanaka et al, 2010). Anthocyanin mainly accumulates in plant cell vacuoles in the form of glycosides (Pietrini et al, 2002)
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