Analysis of Isometric Cervical Strength with a Nonlinear Musculoskeletal Model with 48 Degrees of Freedom

Edo De Bruijn,Riender Happee,Frans Van Der Helm

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2594516

Abstract

Background: Musculoskeletal models served to analyze head-neck motion and injury during automotive impact. Although muscle activation is known to affect the kinematic response, a model with properly validated muscle contributions does not exist to date. The goal of this study was to enhance a musculoskeletal neck model and to validate passive properties, muscle moment arms, maximum isometric strength, and muscle activity. Methods: A dynamic nonlinear musculoskeletal model of the cervical spine with 48 degrees of freedom was extended with 129 bilateral muscle segments. The stiffness of the passive ligamentous spine was validated in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Instantaneous joint centers of rotation were validated in flexion/extension, and muscle moment arms were validated in flexion/extension and lateral bending. A linearized static model was derived to predict isometric strength and muscle activation in horizontal head force and axial rotation tasks. Results: The ligamentous spine stiffness, instantaneous joint centers of rotation, muscle moment arms, cervical isometric strength, and muscle activation patterns were in general agreement with biomechanical data. Taking into account equilibrium of all neck joints, isometric strength was strongly reduced in flexion (46%) and axial rotation (81%) compared to a simplified solution only considering equilibrium around T1-C7, while effects were marginal in extension (3%). Conclusions: For the first time, isometric strength and muscle activation patterns were accurately predicted using a neck model with full joint motion freedom. This study demonstrates that model strength will be overestimated particularly in flexion and axial rotation if only muscular moment generation at T1-C7 is taken into account and equilibrium in other neck joints is disregarded.

Highlights

The complex anatomy of the human neck allows for high flexibility in rotation and translation through seven cervical vertebrae controlled by over 70 muscles
The posterior–anterior position of the model instantaneous joint centers of rotation (ICR) between C7 and C3 were within 1.6 mm of the in vivo experiments performed by Anderst et al [57] (Table 4)
Larger deviations were found for vertical ICR position, where all model ICR were superior to the data, except for C7–C6

Summary

Introduction

The complex anatomy of the human neck allows for high flexibility in rotation and translation through seven cervical vertebrae controlled by over 70 muscles. This high level of complexity has made it difficult for scientists to understand load distributions occurring in the cervical spine. In vitro research has made properties available related to the anatomy and passive loading of the neck, it has proven difficult to obtain in vivo data of the deep cervical tissues from experiments. The goal of this study was to enhance a musculoskeletal neck model and to validate passive properties, muscle moment arms, maximum isometric strength, and muscle activity

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Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion