Analysis of Factors Influencing the Volatility of Coal Industry Development Under the Double Carbon Policy

Achieving sustainable development of the coal industry is of strategic importance for ensuring national security. The purpose of the article is to identify stress factors for the sustainable development of the coal industry associated with the current objective trends in the Russian and world economies. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that understanding the stress factors for the sustainable development of the coal industry makes it possible to form industrial policy directions to prevent the development or minimize the consequences of existing negative trends that weaken the industry's potential in the long term. The novelty of the study is expressed in the approach to the analysis of sustainable development factors, since most researchers do not separate risk factors and stress factors. When describing stress factors, the following groups were identified: financial, human, technological, political, and environmental. In the study of stress factors, a context-oriented approach was used. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the main stress factors for the sustainable development of the Russian coal industry are associated not only with the implementation of decarbonization programs for world economies, but also with a number of intra-system problems in the development of the industry. Among the latter, the problems of reducing domestic consumption of coal, increasing freight rates for rail transportation, a high degree of import dependence of coal mining against the background of a low level of innovative potential of domestic engineering, the presence of personnel problems in coal mining, etc. The Russian government's Program 2035 does not take into account a number of stress factors caused by the current trends in the development of interconnected and related industries and areas of activity. Proceeding from this, measures aimed at increasing the sustainability of the development of the coal industry are proposed. The conclusion is made about the need to identify and assess stress factors in the formation of industrial policy directions. The practical results of the study can be used to develop measures to strengthen the long-term sustainability of the coal industry and the choice of tools to respond to risks provoked by stress factors.

Preparing for the 300th anniversary of Kuzbass it is important to remember that coal mining has always been the basis of the region’s development, of building up a vast net of towns and cities, of the economic freedom of the region. Coal has always been and will forever remain the mineral wealth of Kuzbass. No other region of Russia enjoys it in such abundant concentration. Reasonable exploration of this resource, its mining and processing ensure the future development of the region, contributing to many other social, industrial and infrastructural projects. Simultaneously, the widespread demonization of coal has recently been increasing due to climate and environment changes interpreted and promoted by populist ecological movements. So coal mining and coal generation are blamed for all the environmental disasters on the Earth. At the same time coal as the main energy carrier occupies less place in the fuel and energy balance of Russia. Thus, strategizing of coal mining industry of Kuzbass as the leading coal region of the country is the acute problem both from the scientific and practical viewpoint. The way it is solved will determine the life and the vector of development of an important region of Russia. The article outlines the basic problems of development of coal industry, the trends affecting the current situation at the energy markets and the situation in the coal mining industry of Kuzbass.

This comparative study investigates and analyzes by SWOT analysis the nature, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of coal mining industry safety and environmental regulatory regime versus development in China and USA. The study aims to evaluate the present attributes of the regulatory regimes versus both industries’ response, and deduce influence of this regulation on Chinese coal mining industry safety and environmental investment. The study presents theories about regulation and development so as to understand the need for regulation. It also draws out the status, types, examples, similarities and differences of the coal mining industry safety and environmental situation and regulatory regimes. Thereafter, SWOT analysis is carried out to examine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the current regulatory regimes. Results indicate that China although having numerous coal mine safety and environmental related policies and regulations, their effect is rarely significantly fostering increased safety and environmental investment as well as research and development but reducing fatalities. This trend, therefore, confirms the need for properly designed safety and environmental regulation that fosters investment and technological improvements, so as to achieve sustainable development of the industry. The need is to learn from the US coal industry regulatory framework which has enabled advances in technology aimed at improving productivity while tackling safety and environmental problems.

This study is devoted to the development of investments in the coal industry in the Kyrgyz Republic as an economic environment for the growth of the potential of the country’s coal industry. The purpose of this study is to examine the coal market in Kyrgyzstan, as well as consideration of the main trends in the coal industry and the qualitative characteristics of the industry. In accordance with the purpose of the paper, it attempts to give an analysis of the current state of the coal industry in Kyrgyzstan, to analyze the change in the qualitative characteristics of the industry in recent years. It also considers the main priorities of the state policy with regard to the coal industry at the present stage, such as: increasing the role of coal in the power industry; building up the export potential of the coal industry; increasing the efficiency of rail transport of coal; and ensuring a favorable investment climate. The coal mining industry in the Kyrgyz Republic is a big economic sector as coal is the primary fuel for electricity generation and the cheapest and most sufficient source of energy. This paper provides an overview of coal reserves in the Kyrgyz Republic and an analysis of the coal industry’s systematic data with respect to the number of companies, their total production and productivity. It discusses the issues of investment in the coal industry regarding its future, including creation of an investment-favorable climate, financial support for the coal industry of the republic.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state and prospects for the development of the coal mining industry in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The relevance of the study is due to the high dependence of the region’s economy on the coal mining industry and the need to adapt to new challenges. The purpose of the work is to identify the problems and opportunities of the coal mining industry in order to determine the directions of development in the new conditions. The role of the coal industry in the region’s economy is considered. The assessment of the resource base, production volumes, main enterprises and applied technologies is carried out. The key problems of the industry are analyzed, including the remoteness of deposits, harsh climatic conditions, transport infrastructure and environmental risks. The prospects for the development of the coal mining industry are assessed in the context of the growing demand for coal in the domestic and foreign markets, as well as the introduction of innovative technologies and improving the environmental safety of production. In conclusion, we offer recommendations on owl.

Under the current conditions, the Russian coal industry is under unprecedented external pressure: it is both the imposed sanctions and the need to meet strict environmental requirements that inevitably lead to the closure of part of the enterprises, the collapse of value chains (VCs) in the coal and related industries. As a result, a complex restructuring of the industry is required. To carry it out successfully, a reliable criterion is needed to assess the prospects for the long-term development of both individual companies and VCs as a whole. From the authors’ point of view, the degree of stress resilience of VCs is the criterion needed.The article deals with the evaluation of the long-term development prospects of the coal industry based on the established stress resilience of VCs and the related strategies of coal companies’ behavior. The authors proposed an algorithm for assessing the stress resilience of VCs in the coal industry: a description of the aspects and typology of VCs in the Russian coal industry; an assessment of their current stress resilience; a description of the survival strategy of the companies included in the VCs; an assessment of the prospects for sustaining VCs under sanctions. Subsequently, this article presents theresults of the stress resilience assessment of 169 coal companies operating in 110 different VCs between 2010 and 2021.The authors created a typology of VCs in the coal industry, which makes it possible to identify three basic types of VCs in the domestic coal industry: two integrated – the captive market and the hierarchical market – and one non-integrated market. Analysis of companies operating from 2010 to 2021 showed that 90 out of 169 businesses (53%) operated as integrated companies (hierarchical and captive VCs), the remaining 79 were classified as market ones.For each type we measured overall stress resilience (βrescom), indicating the VC degree of recovery from shocks; robustness (βres), the VC ability to withstand (swallow) shocks; adaptability (βrec), the VC flexibility CDS and the ability to recover quickly after a shock. The analysis conducted by the authors showed that the stress resilience of key segments of the coal industry is low and tends to decrease and will only decrease in the long run. The research also found that systemically important companies are in the most difficult situation. They belong to the hierarchical VCs, especially the energyand coal companies, which are mainly focused on foreign markets. Their cooperative survival strategy does not even maintain the current level of stress resilience. Market and relational VCs are in a more favorable position. As a result, the authors conclude that part of the coal companies will inevitably close and for the other part a profound restructuring will be necessary, while the current survival strategies of the companies will not allow to solve this problem by themselves and an active participation of the state will be necessary.

The coal mining industry is taking the development path of information industrialization and promoting the “deep integration of the two technologies”, which involves the construction and citation of many new technologies and new business models. With the introduction of cloud computing and big data technologies, data sharing is becoming more and more important. The industrial control system becomes more and more open, and the safety protection measures for the industrial control system are seriously lagging behind, leading to the extremely prominent information security problems of the industrial control system of the coal industry. This paper analyzes the industrial control system of the coal mine industry, researches the specificity of the coal mine industry and its applicable protection technology, and combines IEC62443, GB/T30976 and other industrial control system safety general technical standards, and proposes a coal mine industry industrial control network information security model.

I. Coal in Indonesia and Its Environmental Impacts Coal is one of the world's most plentiful energy resources and its use is likely to quadruple by 2020. The world coal trade grew steadily from 386.90 million tons in 1990 to 468.20 million tons in 1995, and to an estimated 1,920.90 million tons in 2005 (Mimuroto 2002). Coal occurs in many forms and qualities, mainly, (a) hard coal, which includes coking coal used to produce steel, and other bituminous and anthracite coals used for steam and power generation, and (b) brown coal (sub-bituminous and lignite), which is used mostly as onsite fuel. Coal has a wide range of content characteristics including moisture, sulfur and ash content, which can affect the value of the coal as fuel and its environmental impacts. In Indonesia, coal is plentiful, with deposits estimated at 57 trillion tons (PSE-UI Jakarta 2002) and current annual production at 130 million tons (National Energy Coordination Agency 2005). East Kalimantan province has the largest stock, with 35 per cent of the national total. South Sumatera ranks second place with 33 per cent and South Kalimantan third with 16 per cent (PSE-UI Jakarta 2002). Most of the coal mined in South Kalimantan is for export. Strip mining is commonly used. This method contributes to land degradation and forest cover destruction. Coal mining is a profitable business. It creates employment, generates value-added, and improves the foreign investment of a country or region. It is also a dirty business for locals, contaminating water, permeating the air and coating houses with coal-dust, and creating health problems. Coal mining can cause floods, and many depleted mining areas are left without rehabilitation. Moreover, coal transportation vehicles contribute to road accidents and road damage. These heavy vehicles are also a nuisance to the communities living along the roads because of the dust and noise they create. In South Kalimantan, there are three large authorized coal mining contractors (called legal miners). There are also many small-scale coal miners without licences, called illegal miners. Almost every district of South Kalimantan Province contains several illegal coal mines, and their numbers are growing. In 1997, 157 individuals or businesses of this type were recorded, rising to 445 in 2000 and 842 in 2004. Although the coal business seems to be profitable for both individuals and businesses, the benefits of this activity to the region are unclear. The coal industry is an industry of booms and busts, and hence the welfare of the community in the region is usually closely tied to the health of the coal industry (Roenker 2002). In South Kalimantan, there is also a marked difference in the welfare and incomes of the communities living nearby the mines and along the coal transportation roads and those of the coal miners who earn much more. The public get the dust and dirt of the coal industry, while the workers and managers get the benefits (Adaro 2002). However, there is little research on these negative impacts or on the effects of coal mining on economic development. There is also a lack of information on how and to what extent coal mining influences income distribution among the various communities in the South Kalimantan Province and how the benefits are shared by communities within and outside the region. II. Research Objectives This article analyses the impact of the coal mining industry on the economy and environment of South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Its objectives are: * to analyse the impact of the coal mining industry on the development of the economy of South Kalimantan Province according to the following indicators: --value-added generated by the coal mining industry compared to other industries in the economy; --output generated by the coal mining industry compared to other industries in the economy; --employment provided by the coal mining industry compared to other industries in the economy; and --production structure and interdependency of the coal mining industry in the economy; * to analyse the impact of the coal mining industry on income distribution in South Kalimantan Province; * to analyse the extent of the leakage (1) the coal mining industry, in particular to compare benefits received by the region and the outer (other regions in Indonesia and other countries) from the coal mining industry; * to simulate the effects of several policies for the coal industry of South Kalimantan Province in order to find the best strategy in terms of economic improvement and environmental maintenance. …

Two of Indonesia’s top export commodities are coal and lignite. However, there is a decrease in the value of coal exports in 2023. The province in Indonesia with the biggest coal reserves is East Kalimantan. This study aims to examine the condition of the mining and coal industry and its relationship with other industries, determine the leading sectors, and assess the impact of the decline in coal exports on the economy of East Kalimantan. The input-output and gross regional domestic product tables for East Kalimantan in 2016 and 2023 are used in the analysis. This study found that even though it is not a leading industry, the mining and coal sector is still an important sector for the economy of East Kalimantan. All economic sectors experienced a decline in output due to the decline in the value of coal exports (mining products) in East Kalimantan, and this sector alone felt the greatest impact—around 73.67% of the total impact in all economic sectors. To process and purify coal produced during mining, the government must establish close communication with business owners in the coal mining industry. Apart from that, the development of the downstream coal industry must also be completed immediately.

The war with Russia in the Ukrainian Donbas has significantly worsened the situation in domestic coal industry. In the occupied areas of Donbas, the coal industry in fact turned out in a catastrophic state, and the mines that are in state ownership suffered the most. With regard for the rather high degree of uncertainty about the future of occupied territories of the Donbas, it should be recognized that this uncertainty is to some extent extrapolated to the prospects of development of the entire coal industry in Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the current state of coal mining enterprises in the temporarily occupied territories of Donbas and to determine the potential of coal mining in Ukraine at the return of occupied territories under the control of Ukrainian authorities. We analyze the state and prospects of development of mining enterprises of the coal industry, which are currently in the temporarily occupied territories of Donbas. The potential of coal mining in Ukraine up to 2040 at the return of occupied territories under the control of Ukrainian authorities is determined. Total volumes of coal production will reach 100 million tons, including 25 million tons in the territory that is currently occupied. As compared with the preliminary forecasts of development of the coal industry for the period up to 2040, the additional losses of mining potential of the coal industry as a result of the occupation of a part of the Donbas areas are estimated as 15–20 million tons.

The development of the economy of Ukraine in modern conditions requires substantial strengthening of interconnection of the elements of innovation process through the establishment of institutional frameworks for large-scale structural and innovation transformation. This is especially topical for the coal industry as it feels the significant impact of institutional environment.The problems of the institutional environment of innovation development of coal enterprises are considered. They relate to: identifying and disclosing the components of institutional support of innovation development of the coal industry; clarifying the content of the institutional environment of innovation development of the coal industry; determining the directions of institutional support formation for innovation development of the coal industry; trend changes in the institutional environment of innovation development of industry in Ukraine taking into account industry specifics; conceptual positions of institutional support of innovation development of the coal industry; proposals on improving the organizational-economic mechanism of innovation development of coal production; systematization of factors of state regulation of innovation development of the coal industry based on market transformation processes in the economy of Ukraine. As to solve the problems of institutional support of innovation development of the coal industry in a great importance are the generalized approaches of scientific schools «economic security of industrial enterprise» according to classification features, external and internal factors that reduce the level of economic security, constituent elements of the institutional mechanism of economic security of industrial enterprise, consideration of the factors influencing the risks associated with the implementation of investment and innovation projects in the coal industry and measures to minimize their impact through the creation of innovation structures - technology parks. The recommendations on improving the regulatory and legal support of innovation development of the coal industry are given both in general and for the coal Donbas in current emergency situation. The coal industry enterprises should implement the institutionalization of their activity through the process of «investment» in different areas (human and productive capital, implementation of various social priorities, formation of the state policy of energy independence, etc.). To ensure the most positive outcomes of their social and industrial activity coal enterprises need to accumulate and efficiently manage not only the significant material, financial, intellectual, human, and other resources, but also to focus on maintaining a high level of capitalization based on the optimization of different sources of capital formation. The problem of technical and technological modernization of coal mines is extremely urgent for overcoming the unprofitability and improving the efficiency of the domestic coal industry. This issue is of a particular relevance now, when the recovery of the coal industry in Ukraine is significantly complicated by the need to overcome the consequences of the fighting in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions.

For Vietnam and many countries in the world, the coal industry has been playing an important role in the development of the economy. In the coal industry development strategy to 2030, the coal industry is oriented towards sustainable development, innovation of growth model, improvement of production value and production efficiency. This article studies the factors affecting the development of Vietnam's coal industry through quantitative analysis. After building the model and survey, the authors conducted a survey of workers in the coal industry and other related industries. Based on the survey results of 314 valid answers, the authors used SPSS 26.0 software for analysis. The research results show that the natural condition factor has the greatest influence on the development of the coal industry, followed by policy factors, and technology factors have the least influence on the development of Vietnam's coal industry. One of the key findings of the study is that the technological factor has the least impact on the development of Vietnam's coal industry. This result is quite surprising, and the authors have carefully reviewed both qualitative and quantitative research to ensure the reliability of the research results. Based on the research results, the authors have proposed some recommendations for the development of the Vietnamese coal industry in the coming years.

The coal mining industry of Russia is characterized. Today, this industry is one of the most polluting types of human activity. The article provides a comprehensive assessment of the coal industry current impact on the environment, namely on the atmospheric air, the lithosphere, natural reservoirs, etc. The authors have analyzed the reasons and consequences of this industry negative impact on nature and man. The main sources of technogenic load on the environment during the coal deposits development are identified. Such sources include rock dumps, mine water, main ventilation fans, degassing installations, etc. The influence of rock dumps on the natural environment is investigated. The negative impact of the discharge of insufficiently treated mine water on the state of not only natural reservoirs, but also all components of the environment is shown. The composition of mine waters has been studied, which is important when choosing the technology for their treatment. Measures and methods to improve the environmental situation in the places of coal deposits development are considered. In particular, it is proposed to purify mine waters for the purpose of their use for technological, household, agricultural and other needs. The harmful and dangerous factors of the methane presence in the coal deposits development are shown. It is proposed to capture methane for further use, which will reduce its entry into the atmospheric air and at the same time make an economic profit. The principles of ensuring environmental safety in the coal mining industry are considered. Methods of reducing the anthropogenic load using the latest technologies are proposed. The conducted research is relevant and important for the further development of the coal mining industry in the framework of conservation and protection of the natural environment.

The impact of resource tax reform on China's coal industry

Coal chemical industry is one of the main ways of clean coal utilization. The orderly and regulated development of coal chemical industry is an important task in supply-side reform of China’s coal industry. China’s coal chemical industry has a good development foundation and great potentials and has taken the lead in some fields globally. Based on the six elements of the diamond model and qualitative analysis, an evaluation index system is constructed. The weights of different indexes are obtained through the entropy weight method, and the influence of the six elements on the competitiveness of the coal chemical industry is analyzed. The results show that among the six elements of the diamond model, horizontal competition delivers the greatest impact on the competitiveness of the coal chemical industry, followed by production factors, related and supportive industries, and the government, with demand conditions showing the least impact on the competitiveness of this industry.