Analysis of dislocation characteristics and inside-outside contrasts in irradiated and annealed tungsten as a fusion reactor material

Abstract

Tungsten is an important candidate of plasma-facing material for fusion reactors. Its irradiation response, especially the post-irradiation annealing (PIA) behavior needs further investigating. In addition, the practice of the “inside-outside” contrast method of determining the characteristics of irradiation induced dislocation loops has not been utilized frequently, and the present research serves as an example to present some practical considerations. In the present work, a tungsten thin-foil specimen is irradiated at 400 ℃ with 58 keV D<sup>+</sup> to a final fluence of 1× 10<sup>17</sup> cm<sup>–2</sup>, corresponding to a dose of about 0.1 dpa. The specimen is prepared through the electro-polishing method by using a NaOH based electrolyte. The ion irradiation is carried out directly on the electro-polished specimen. The irradiated specimen is followed by isothermal annealing at 900 ℃ for 1 h. The as-irradiated and post-irradiation annealing modified defects are investigated with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) operated at 200 kV. The irradiation defects are characterized by using TEM bright-field imaging for the same imaging field with different <i> <b>g</b> </i> vectors around the three major zone axes: the [001], [111], and [011] zone axis of the body-center cubic lattice of W. For each <i> <b>g</b> </i> vector, the ±<i> <b>g</b> </i> are characterized, and the corresponding contrast-extinctions and “inside-outside” contrasts of selected dislocation loops are identified. The indices of the <i> <b>g</b> </i> vectors around different zone axes are assigned consistently with the Kikuchi map. As a result, the D<sup>+</sup> irradiation increases a fine distribution of dislocation loops with an average size of (11.10±5.41) nm and a bulk density of 2.40×10<sup>22</sup> /m<sup>3</sup>. Voids are not observed obviously. The post-irradiation annealing causes the loop size to increase and the loop density to decrease, with numbers of (18.25±16.92) nm and 1.19×10<sup>22</sup> /m<sup>3</sup>, respectively. Through the contrast-extinction analysis, the dislocation loops in the irradiated and annealed specimen are identified to be <i> <b>a</b> </i>/2<inline-formula><tex-math id="Z-20230218170937">\begin{document}$\langle {111} \rangle$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="5-20222124_Z-20230218170937.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="5-20222124_Z-20230218170937.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-type dislocation loops. The post-irradiation annealing also causes the coalescence of large loops and forms large irregular-shaped dislocation loops. Voids with typical sizes of 1–2 nm are also observed in the annealed specimen. The PIA modified microstructure is consistent with the stage IV or stage V characterization of classical PIA induced microstructures. Through the “one-step” inside-outside contrast method, the dislocation loops are identified as an interstitial type. The influcing factors for the “one-step” method are discussed and the importance of consistent indexing is also noted.