Abstract
Light emitting diode (LED) lamps are now an established lighting technology, which is becoming prevalent in all load sectors. However, LED lamps are non-linear electrical loads, and their impact on distribution system voltage quality must be evaluated. This paper provides a detailed analysis of time domain and frequency domain approaches for developing and evaluating models suitable for use in large scale steady-state harmonic power flow analysis of the low frequency (LF) emission of LED lamps. The considered approaches are illustrated using four general categories of LED lamps, which have been shown to cover the vast majority of LED lamps currently available on the market. The aim is an in-depth assessment of the ability of commonly applied models to represent the specific design characteristics of different categories of LED lamps. The accuracy of the models is quantitatively evaluated by means of laboratory tests, numerical simulations, and statistical analyses. This provides an example, for each LED lamp category, of comprehensive information about the overall accuracy that can be achieved in the general framework of large scale LF harmonic penetration studies, particularly in the assessment of voltage quality in low voltage networks and their future evolution.
Highlights
Light emitting diode (LED) lamps are an established technology and can be utilized in a wide range of applications, from replacing incandescent lamps in residential buildings to the illumination of commercial offices, retail spaces, or industrial premises, as well as street and public area lighting.This wide range of applications, coupled with the well-known advantages in terms of efficiency, regulation of light output, lifetime, and good light quality, have all contributed to the growing market share of LED lamps, which are prevalent in the residential, commercial, and industrial load sectors.Based on these factors, it is likely that LED lamps will become the ubiquitous lighting technology of the near future
The larger errors of the total harmonic current (THC) of the Type D LED lamp can be attributed to the small magnitude of the low frequency (LF) emissions which are generally overestimated by the TDM, but good accuracy of the total harmonic distortion (THD) is ensured by the dominant effect of the fundamental component, which is well represented by the model
Coupled Norton models (CNM) are able to take into account the cross coupling between different harmonic voltage and current orders but neglect the “phase dependency”: I = Ib + Y + ∆V
Summary
Light emitting diode (LED) lamps are an established technology and can be utilized in a wide range of applications, from replacing incandescent lamps in residential buildings to the illumination of commercial offices, retail spaces, or industrial premises, as well as street and public area lighting. This paper begins from a thorough critique of the rationale of the development and evaluation process of TDMs and FDMs and considers connections between the two processes From this critique, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the time-domain and frequency-domain modeling approaches with the objective of developing and evaluating models of the LF emissions of LED lamps suitable for use in large scale harmonic power flow analysis to assess harmonic distortion in distribution networks. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the time-domain and frequency-domain modeling approaches with the objective of developing and evaluating models of the LF emissions of LED lamps suitable for use in large scale harmonic power flow analysis to assess harmonic distortion in distribution networks This extends the preliminary research on TDMs [25] and FDMs [26] of LED lamps and fills a gap in existing literature by providing a complete set of models of the four different types of LED lamps suitable for use in harmonic penetration studies. This path has the inherent advantage that any inaccuracies present in the TDM do not propagate to the FDM, but it requires a fully controllable power source for laboratory testing and a huge number of test points
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