Abstract
Removing lactose from buttermilk and other dairy products is a topical problem, as there is a significant increase in morbidity rates due to lactose intolerance. In many cases, milk and dairy products containing lactose can not be completely excluded from the diet. These products have a number of valuable components. There are several ways to remove lactose from milk or other dairy products. They are based on separation methods of processing and on the use of enzymes. Among the separation methods, membrane treatment, including diafiltration, is of particular importance. A technique of engineering calculation of cleaning an ultrafiltration buttermilk concentrate is suggested. As a solvent that reduces the concentration of lactose, a nanofiltrate permeate of buttermilk ultrafiltration is used. This method allows preserving the chemical composition of the concentrate with lactose effectively removed. Basing on the experimental data of membrane productivity and their selectivity for lactose, the main characteristics of diafiltration are calculated for various practical applications. For practical purposes, it is advisable to use a buttermilk permeate nanofiltrate using highly selective lactose membranes. Selectivity for salts should be minimal. When comparing the different diafiltration variants, the most suitable is a periodic method, with continuous dilution, and a continuous method with a crossflow and reverse flow of the nanofiltrate. The smallest аmount of a nanofiltrate is observed in the case of a continuous countercurrent. The time for diafiltration treatment depends on the membrane’s specific parameters, process operating parameters, and the selected lactose purification variant. The most cost-effective is the continuous variant with a countercurrent nanofiltrate. However, it can not be recommended because of the considerable duration of the process. The suggested technique for calculating diafiltration allows quick evaluation of possible options of purifying the product from lactose, and concludes which one is optimal.
Highlights
Formulation of the problemRemoving lactose from buttermilk and other dairy products is a topical problem, as there is a significant increase in morbidity rates due to lactose intolerance
If it is necessary to consider the entire buttermilk volume taken for diafiltration, we introduce a correction for high-molecular compounds
Simple mathematical expressions were obtained as a result of theoretical studies, which allow estimating the main indicators of efficiency of the buttermilk concentrate diafiltration
Summary
Removing lactose from buttermilk and other dairy products is a topical problem, as there is a significant increase in morbidity rates due to lactose intolerance. 2. To obtain experimental data necessary for calculating: the chemical composition of products of buttermilk’s ultra and diafiltration, and of the ultrafiltration permeate’s nanofiltration; specific performance and selectivity of membranes. Pump, M – membrane module, Vо – initial volume of the aqueous phase of the concentrate, Vf – volume of the permeate (filtrate) Vnf – volume of the solvent taken for cleaning (diafiltration volume). We will require experimental data on the specific performance of membranes, characteristics of the chemical composition of the buttermilk nanofiltration permeate, ultrafiltrate and ultraconcentrate to compare different diafiltration options and choose the best. These data are used in calculations and may vary depending on the type of membranes applied.
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