Abstract
Field experiments were carried out during rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at the Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Wheat variety PBW 621 was sown on three dates (D1: 4th week of October, D2: 2nd week of November and D3: 4th week of November) with two irrigation levels (I1: IW/ CPE = 0.9, I2: At CRI, 5-6 weeks after 1st irrigation, 3-4/5-6 weeks after 2nd irrigation, 2/4 weeks after 3rd irrigation as per dates of sowing) and mulch application (M1: without mulch, M2: straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1). Earlier sown mulch applied crop with four post-sowing irrigations produced highest (5312.5 kg ha-1) and late sown without mulch application crop with irrigation @IW/CPE = 0.9 produced lowest grain yield (3900.5 kg ha-1). Simulation results depicted -1.1 to 16.8 per cent deviation in crop yield, -1.4 to -21.0 per cent in water use and 12.7 to 45.5 per cent in water productivity. Increase in temperature from 1oC to 3oC decreased wheat yield by 6.3 to 27.0 per cent under D1 and 3.3 to 17.6 per cent under D2, however, it increased from 8.1 to 16.2 per cent under D3, indicating D3 as most appropriate under future warming scenarios. Increase in CO2 concentration decreased water use and increased yield and water productivity.
Highlights
Wheat is an important cereal crop of India, ranking second after rice in area and production
The results revealed that early sown mulch applied crop with four post-sowing irrigations (D1I2M2) produced highest grain yield (5313 kg ha-1) followed by (5096 kg ha-1) mid November sown mulch applied crop (D2I2M2), whereas the lowest yield (3901 kg ha-1) was observed in the late sown without mulch application crop with irrigation @IW/CPE = 0.9 (D3I1M1) (Table 3)
Less crop yield was observed under late sown conditions, but simulation analysis depicted the scope of improvement in wheat yield (5091 kg ha-1) with irrigation management and mulch application (D3I2M2)
Summary
Wheat is an important cereal crop of India, ranking second after rice in area and production. There is a significant impact of all these changes on crop yield and water productivity especially in the tropical and sub-tropical regions, which can be managed by microclimatic modifications such as alteration in sowing time, mulch application and irrigation scheduling etc. Crop simulation models can help to find adequate adaptation strategies to avoid or reduce negative climate change effects on crop yield and exploit possible beneficial options (Iqbal et al, 2011).The DSSAT model has been widely used for many different applications (Hoogenboom et al, 2010) and used in the present study. Present study was conducted to simulate crop water requirement, grain yield and water productivity of wheat to variable temperature and CO2 levels under different dates of sowing, irrigation levels and mulch application
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