Abstract
Innovation-driven enterprises (IDEs) engage with various stakeholders during new product development and commercialisation. Spatial ecosystems in which these enterprises operate provide them with the local business environment for new innovation development. Our study analyses IDEs' stakeholders in two spatial information and communication technology business ecosystems: one in San Diego, CA, USA and the other in Oulu, Finland. The study analyses the stakeholders' presence and their roles to support innovation. The critical stakeholders for supporting IDEs, such as providers of different forms of capital and research institutes, are identified. Our findings suggest that IDEs should exploit the spatial ecosystems by interacting with various stakeholders and by gaining access to local resources to create new innovations. The results of the study are beneficial both for managers of new innovation-driven ventures and decision-makers for designing and implementing innovation policies.
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