Abstract
Decisions about which medical technologies to reimburse/fund based on average cost effectiveness estimates may disguise sources of heterogeneity. Making decisions that formally consider between-patient heterogeneity has been proved consistent with an efficient use of limited resources. This article reviews the standard approaches to assess heterogeneity in the evaluation of healthcare technologies, as well as the methods to measure the value of providing different recommendations for different patients. It also examines the role of individual preferences and choices in understanding heterogeneity for the purposes of healthcare decision-making.
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