Abstract
Influences of stress birefringence residual in lens elements of high-resolution projection optics are investigated based on a partially coherent imaging formula that has been modified to incorporate the change of the polarization state by birefringence. Birefringent properties are represented by two-dimensional distribution functions with respect to magnitude and fast-axis direction, and they are determined using ran- dom numbers to reproduce actual distributions observed in such mate- rials as calcium fluoride. By repeating calculations using lens data cre- ated with different sets of random numbers, the degree of imaging performance degradation is analyzed statistically in terms of the magni- tude of birefringence in each lens element, the number of lens element composing a projection lens, and the randomness of fast-axis distribu- tions. It is found that the image contrast for a five-bar line/space pattern decreases squarely proportional to the magnitude, whereas the value decreases linearly proportional to the element number. The influence of randomness is understood in relation to image formations through ran- dom phase media. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
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