ANALISIS TINGKAT KESESUAIAN WISATA BAHARI PADA EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG DI PULAU LAREA- REA KABUPATEN SINJAI

Abstract. Muhsoni FF, Salsabil ATS, Safa, Zainuri M, Samba AB, Fauzyah E, Irawan D. 2025. Mapping coral reefs growth using drone imagery in Gili Labak Island, Sumenep District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1180-1188. The benthic habitat serves as the dwelling place for diverse aquatic organisms, primarily characterized by coral reefs. Meanwhile, Gili Labak Island, Sumenep District, East Java, Indonesia has a well-preserved marine ecosystem, including coral reefs, seagrass beds, and other marine organisms. A drone is one of the platforms that can be used to map benthic habitats, which has the advantages of relatively low cost, the ability to monitor temporal changes over a short period, and the capacity to use multispectral sensors. In this research, drone imagery or Unmanned Aerial vehicles from 2021 and 2022 were used. The classification method used was the supervised maximum likelihood, and accuracy testing was conducted using a confusion matrix. In addition, coral reef cover data was directly collected using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method in September 2023. The classification results using the supervised maximum likelihood method with drone imagery were able to identify changes in coral reefs from 2021 to 2022. The accuracy test results showed an overall accuracy ranging from 74.20% to 86.47% (2021 data) and 79.94% to 90.87% (2022 data). The kappa coefficient values obtained were 71.80% to 82.72% (2021 data) and 70.33% to 89.25% for 2022 data. Drone imagery has proven to be useful in observing coral growth through changes in coverage. In this study, changes in live coral coverage (Acropora, Goniastrea, Mycedium, Pocillopora, Porites, and Stylophora) between 2021 and 2022 were observed. At Station 1, the coral coverage increased from 176.77 m² (30.95%) to 323.18 m² (57.43%). At Station 2, it decreased from 740.25 m² (75.21%) to 462.61 m² (47.68%). At Station 3, it decreased from 422.11 m² (94.91%) to 377.44 m² (86.26%). The percentage of coral reef cover using the average Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method was 61.66%. This study demonstrates that the application of high-resolution drone imagery, along with mapping and monitoring methods, can be used to detect changes in coral reef conditions, providing valuable information for management and conservation strategies.

In the coral reef ecosystem, there is a food source for small fish, which are prey for various kinds of associated biota; one of the biota that lives in the coral reef ecosystem is megabenthos. Megabenthos is influenced by the quality of the coral reef ecosystem, where if conditions are good, the coral will have a greater chance of high megabenthos diversity. This research was carried out in March 2023 in Setan Island, West Sumatra. This research analyzes the relationship between coral reef conditions and megabenthos abundance. The method used in this research is a survey method. Observations of coral reef cover were carried out using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method, and megabenthos abundance was measured using the Bhentos Belt Transect (BBT) method. Observations were carried out at four stations (3 and 6 m deep) with a transect length of 50 m. Based on the average value of the percentage of coral reef cover, it is still categorized as being in poor condition, namely 18.87%. There is a relationship between the percentage of live coral reef cover and the abundance of megabenthos with a percentage of 55.27%, with the types of megabenthos clams (Tridacna sp), sea cucumbers (Holothuria sp), snails (Trochus sp), lobsters (Panulirus sp), fur pigs (Diadema sp), snails (Drupella sp), and starfish (Acanthasper sp).

This study aims to analyze the percentage of coral reef cover in Perlang waters and determines the
 types of health problems on coral reefs in Perlang waters. This study conducts in November 2021 in the water of Perlang Village through the method of collecting data on coral reef cover using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) with 4 data collection stations. The results show that the percentage of live coral reef cover from the 4 observation stations ranged from 40.27%-69.13%. The most affected lifeforms are Coral Massive with 71 colonies followed by Acropora Branching with 43 colonies, Acropora Tabulate with 14 colonies, Coral Branching with 2 colonies, Coral Folliose with 34 colonies, and Coral Submassive with 29 colonies. There are 5 types of health problems, consisting of Sediment Damage, Growth anomalies, Bleaching, Pigmentation Response and Crown of Thorns Starfish. The highest prevalence is sediment damage 2.46% and the lowest is Crown of Thorns Starfish 0.07%. The species found in the study site has values of 0.0225 colonies/ and 0.0010 colonies/. Sediment damage is the most common coral health disorder found in all study stations. There is a relationship between live coral cover and the prevalence of coral reef health problems.

This study aims to analyze the percentage of coral reef cover in Perlang waters and determines the
 types of health problems on coral reefs in Perlang waters. This study conducts in November 2021 in the water of Perlang Village through the method of collecting data on coral reef cover using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) with 4 data collection stations. The results show that the percentage of live coral reef cover from the 4 observation stations ranged from 40.27%-69.13%. The most affected lifeforms are Coral Massive with 71 colonies followed by Acropora Branching with 43 colonies, Acropora Tabulate with 14 colonies, Coral Branching with 2 colonies, Coral Folliose with 34 colonies, and Coral Submassive with 29 colonies. There are 5 types of health problems, consisting of Sediment Damage, Growth anomalies, Bleaching, Pigmentation Response and Crown of Thorns Starfish. The highest prevalence is sediment damage 2.46% and the lowest is Crown of Thorns Starfish 0.07%. The species found in the study site has values of 0.0225 colonies/ and 0.0010 colonies/. Sediment damage is the most common coral health disorder found in all study stations. There is a relationship between live coral cover and the prevalence of coral reef health problems.

Gede Island which located in Rembang regency has the potential for underwater beauty that is more promising to attract tourists to visit this area. Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems with a potential for ecotourism. This research aimed to determine the index of suitability and carrying capacity of coral reefs in the Gede Islands waters in Rembang Regency as new ecotourism objects. Data collected included coral reef cover and abundance of fish species using Point Intercept Transect (PIT). The data were analyzed using tourism suitability index as well as physical carrying capacity of the area. The results show the abundance of marine resources at the coral reefs, which include 25 coral species and 44 reef fish species. The tourism suitability index (TSI) for snorkeling was 61.5% with a carrying capacity of 324 persons per day. The TSI for diving was 55.5% with a physical carrying capacity of 2,619 persons per day. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was 26%, which means that snorkeling and diving should be prioritized. The economic valuation analysis resulted marine that tourism in Coastal recreation in Wates, Rembang Regency based on the Travel Cost Method (TCM) method is a yearly IDR 35,672,331,326.00

This research aims to analyze coral reef cover and analyze coral reef health problems. This research was conducted in October 2023 in the waters of Pongok Island. Coral reef cover data collection using the method of Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) and data collection on the distribution of coral health disorders was taken using the belt transect method (belt transect). The results of the research showed that the percentage of coral reef cover in Pongok Island waters ranged from 28.67% - 63.87% which was categorized as Medium to Good. Coral reef health problems found at the research location in Pongok Island waters are Bleaching (B), Sedimentation damage (SD), Pigmentation response (PR), growth anomalies (GA), and crown of thorns starfish (CoTS). Sedimentation damage is the highest prevalence in the research location with 3.42%, then pigmentation response (PR) with a total of 0.48%, Crown of thorns starfish (CoTS) 0,05%, Bleaching (B) 0,04%, and Growth anomalies (GA) with an amount of 0.01%.

ABSTRAK Gusung Perlang is located in Perlang Village, Central Bangka Regency. Gusung Perlang has underwater potential, namely coral reef ecosystems that becomes a tourist attraction in which the unique shape, color, and diversity of the biota with high selling value. This study aims to determine the value of the tourism suitability index, the carrying capacity of the snorkeling, and diving tourism area in the east Gusung Perlang waters. Moreover, the process of sampling is carried out in August 2021 at Gusung Perlang, Central Bangka Regency. The method of this study uses purposive sampling. Coral reef data is collected using the UPT (Underwater Photo Transect) method, reef fish using the visual census method and the time swim method. In addition, the data analysis is based on the tourism suitability index (IKW) matrix. The results of the Snorkeling Tourism Suitability Index (IKW) show that the location is suitable for station 1 (78.95%), station 3 (78.95%) and station 5 (77.19%), the location is conditional status in station 2 (70.18%). ) and station 4 (70.18%). The results of the tourism suitability index (IKW) calculation for diving show that the location is suitable for station 3 (77.78%), the location is conditional status in station 1 (72.22%), station 2 (62.96%), station 4 (62.96). %) and station 5 (74.07%). Keywords: Suitability, Gusung Perlang, Snorkeling, Diving

The coastal waters of Darunu Village, located in Wori District, North Minahasa Regency, harbor a coral reef ecosystem with significant prospects for marine tourism sector development. This study was designed to analyze the characteristics of water environmental quality, measure the level of area suitability for diving and snorkeling activities, and establish regional carrying capacity to ensure sustainable utilization. Three observation points were established through purposive sampling technique considering depth diversity and habitat characteristics. Data were collected through the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) approach to measure coral reef coverage percentage and the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method to record reef fish community density. Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) calculations showed that Station 2 (TSI 81.7%) and Station 3 (TSI 84.5%) fell into the highly suitable category (S1), while Station 1 (TSI 74.2%) was in the suitable category (S2). Live coral coverage percentage was recorded in the range of 72% to 83%, with reef fish density reaching 88-165 individuals per 500 m² area. Dominant coral families included Acroporidae (Acropora formosa, A. hyacinthus, A. pulchra, A. muricata, A. robusta, A. valida, A. gemmifera), Montiporidae (Montipora foliosa, M. digitata), Pocilloporidae (Pocillopora damicornis), and Merulinidae (Platygyra daedalea). Regional carrying capacity calculations indicated optimal visitor limits of a maximum of 5 people per day for diving activities and 58 people per day for snorkeling activities to maintain habitat sustainability.

Lelloltery H, Pudyatmoko S, Fandelli C, Baiquni M. 2018. Study of coral reef for marine ecotourism development based on region suitability and carrying capacity in Marsegu Island Nature Tourism Park, Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1089-1096. The objectives of the research were to identify the potential of marine natural resources as the object and attraction of marine ecotourism, and to compile the development plan at Marsegu Island Nature Tourism Park (NTP) based on the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) and carrying capacity. Data collection included coral reef and fish type using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. Data were analyzed using the tourism suitability index and analysis of physical carrying capacity of the area. The results showed the potential of marine resources covering the coral reefs including 45 species within 23 genera from 14 families with 12 coral lifeforms. A high diversity of reef fish was found, documenting 129 species of fish within 60 genera from 22 families. The analysis result of the tourism suitability index (TSI) in the snorkeling category was 74.79% with a carrying capacity of 4,092 person(s)/day and the TSI of diving was 67.32% with a physical carrying capacity of 1,855 person(s)/day. The analysis showed that the area around Marsegu Island NTP is "suitable" for ecotourism activities and does not exceed the carrying capacity of the area. The strategy for marine ecotourism management needs to be completed, including elements such as determining the number of tourists that can be supported per day (based on limiting the number of divers/snorkelers per day), implementing boat moorings so coral is not damaged by anchors, making sure tourism operators brief divers/snorkelers not to touch, stand on or break the coral, and ensuring the tour operator is the organization responsible for the continuous monitoring of marine ecotourism activities and protection of dive sites.

Randayan Island and The Surrounding Water Small Island Park (TPK Pulau Randayan dan Perairan Sekitarnya) is one of the Coastal and Small Islands Protected Areas (MPA) in West Kalimantan which has the potential to be developed into a marine tourism destination, especially sustainable diving tourism. The area has resources with a high level of diversity such as coral reefs, coral fish, seagrass, and other potential aquatic biota. This study aims to identify potentials, conduct resource suitability analysis, calculate the carrying capacity of the area, the carrying capacity of utilization, and make a map of area utilization suitability for the development of sustainable diving tourism. This research uses quantitative methods with tourism suitability analysis based on Yulius, et al (2018) and carrying capacity analysis based on Yulianda (2019). The data source is secondary data obtained from previous research and from publications published by several related agencies. The results showed that the Tourism Suitability Index for diving tourism in the limited use zone of Randayan Island Small Island Park consisted of Station 1 (Pulau Kabung), Station 2 (Pulau Lemukutan), Station 3 (Pulau Penata Besar), and Station 4 (Pulau Randayan) are included in the Conditional Suitable category, with scores of 65%, 56%, 72%, 65%, respectively. The Area Carrying Capacity at each station are 596, 1,354, 1,028, 157 people per day, with the Utilization Carrying Capacity of 59, 135, 102, and 15 people per day.

Mangrove ecotourism is a tourism concept that pays attention to the sustainability of natural resources and the environment as the main tourist object. This study aims to design a mangrove rehabilitation strategy based on a potential analysis of the mangrove ecosystem’s suitability and carrying capacity for ecotourism development. The study was conducted from February to March 2020 in Tanjung Burung Village, Teluk Naga District, Tangerang Regency. The data analysis uses tourism suitability index (TSI) processed by spatial analysis tool and area carrying capacity (RCC). Tanjung Burung mangrove ecotourism has an ecotourism potential of 28 ha, with tracking of 2859 m, this can happen if the entire area is planted with mangroves and can grow well. The potential of mangrove ecotourism based on it carrying capacity is 229 people/day considering the length of the trip for each visitor is 4 hours for 8 operational hours per day. The strategy for the rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems is to analyze the characteristics of damage and mangrove habitats, repair seawater irrigation systems, and plant mangrove vegetation

Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem produktif yang menghadapi ancaman kerusakan akibat penangkapan ikan ilegal dan pembangunan pesisir yang tidak berkelanjutan. Praktik penangkapan ikan ilegal dan pembangunan area pesisir diduga berkontribusi pada penurunan tutupan karang hidup di perairan PLTU Sebalang, Lampung Selatan. Informasi mengenai kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang di area PLTU Sebalang Lampung Selatan saat ini masih belum memadai. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukan survei kesehatan terumbu karang di area ini sebagai bagian dari langkah pengelolaan ekosistem terumbu karang secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari 2024 di perairan PLTU Sebalang. Pengambilan data terumbu karang menggunakan metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) yang dikombinasikan dengan program identifikai karang CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extensions). Pengambilan data ikan karang menggunakan metode Underwater Visual Census (UVC). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kondisi tutupan terumbu karang pada seluruh titik penelitian dikategorikan buruk. Persen tutupan karang terendah berada pada titik 1 kedalaman 8 meter yaitu sebesar 1.53%. Sedangkan kondisi tutupan karang pada titik 2 kedalaman 8 meter memiliki persentase tertinggi yaitu sebesar 23.28%. Ikan karang yang ditemukan sebanyak 10 famili yang terdiri dari Apogonidae, Aulostomidae, Caesonidae, Chaetodontidae, Haemulidae, Holocentridae, Labridae, Nemipteridae, Pomacentridae, dan Pempherididae. Faktor yang mempengaruhi buruknya kondisi tutupan terumbu karang dan sedikitnya jumlah individu ikan karang yang terdapat pada seluruh titik pengamatan dipengaruhi oleh faktor tingginya sedimentasi, kuatnya arus perairan, dan nelayan jaring payang yang menangkap ikan hingga ke dasar perairan. Coral reefs are productive ecosystems that face significant threats from illegal fishing and unsustainable coastal development. These practices are suspected of contributing to the decline in live coral cover in the waters surrounding the Sebalang Power Plant (PLTU Sebalang), South Lampung. Current information on the coral reef ecosystem in this area remains insufficient. Therefore, a coral health survey is essential as part of sustainable management efforts. This study was conducted in January 2024 in the waters of PLTU Sebalang. Coral reef data were collected using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method, combined with the Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe) software for coral identification. Data on reef fish were gathered using the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method. The results indicate that coral reef cover at all study sites was categorized as poor. The lowest coral cover was recorded at Site 1 at a depth of 8 meters, with only 1.53% coverage, while the highest cover was observed at Site 2, also at a depth of 8 meters, with 23.28%. A total of 10 reef fish families were identified, including Apogonidae, Aulostomidae, Caesonidae, Chaetodontidae, Haemulidae, Holocentridae, Labridae, Nemipteridae, Pomacentridae, dan Pempherididae. The poor condition of coral cover and the low number of individual reef fish at all observation sites were influenced by high sedimentation, strong currents, and the use of payang nets by fishermen, which reach the seabed.

Highlight ResearchPoint Intercept Transect Method (PIT) and Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) to monitor coral cover was comparedPercentage of hard coral cover was analyzedThe average difference of the percentage of hard coral cover obtained from the PIT and UPT was analyzed AbstractCoral reef ecosystems are vulnerable to damage and extinction. Therefore, it is imperative that, as part of conservation, their conditions are monitored using straight forward or easy-to-use methods. The research was intended to compare the effectiveness of using Point Intercept Transect (PIT) and Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) methods in calculating percent hard coral covers. It was conducted at six sites in Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia: Cemara Besar, Cemara Kecil, Taka Malang, Tanjung Gelam, Menjangan Besar, and Menjangan Kecil. At each site, photographs of coral reefs were taken in two ranges of depths, shallow (3–6 m) and deep (9–12 m), along the length of the predefined transects (100 m for PIT and 50 m for UPT). In UPT, the photos were taken using a 58 x 44 cm frame. Fifty photo frames were collected then processed using Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe) 4.1. The results showed that PIT and UPT produced different percentages of hard coral cover at each site, with the most significant difference found in deep waters of Menjangan Besar (45.27%) and the least one in deep waters of Menjangan Kecil (0.08%). Overall, the difference in percent covers was averagely 9.79 percentage points, which is still categorized into small. Both methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. However, UPT is preferable because its results can be reanalyzed, especially the identified coral reef species.

Coral reefs can be used for marine ecotourism by considering suitability and carrying capacity analysis. The aim of this research is to analyze the potential of coral as a support for marine ecotourism in Sidodadi Village, Teluk Pandan District, Pesawaran Regency, Province of Lampung. Data collection on the percentage of cover and type of growth (life form) of coral was carried out using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method, while coral fish used the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method. The results of the research show that the physico-chemical parameter conditions of the waters are suitable for marine ecotourism, coral cover ranges from 0,12-78,03%, 523 reef fish consist of 7 major fish families, 5 target fish families and 1 indicator fish family, suitability tourism at each station in the research location where station 1 is 59,25% (Conditionally Appropriate), station 2 is less than 40,74% (Not Appropriate), station 3 is 88,88% (Suitable) and station 4 is 59,25% (Conditionally Appropriate). The area's carrying capacity is 106 people/day and the utilization carrying capacity is 11 people/day.

Pulau Pahawang merupakan salah satu pulau di Provinsi Lampung yang memiliki ekosistem laut yang beragam, salah satunya adalah ekosistem terumbu karang. Ekosistem terumbu karang banyak digunakan bagi biota asosiasinya seperti mencari makan, berlindung, dan berkembang biak. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur komunitas karang dan ikan karang, serta menganalisis keterkaitan hubungan persentase tutupan karang dan komposisi ikan karang dengan faktor fisika kimia perairan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2023 yang berlokasi di perairan Pulau Pahawang. Pengambilan data ikan karang menggunakan metode underwater visual census (UVC) dan pengambilan data karang menggunakan metode underwater photo transect (UPT). Data kualitas fisika kimia perairan yang diambil adalah suhu, arus, kecerahan, DO, pH, salinitas, nitrat, fosfat. Hubungan persentase tutupan karang dan komposisi ikan karang dengan parameter fisika kimia perairan dianalisis menggunakan metode principal component analysis (PCA). Kondisi tutupan karang di perairan Pulau Pahawang bervariasi dari sedang hingga baik. Persentase tutupan karang hidup di Dermaga, KJA, Rekreasi, dan Alami pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 59,99%, 42,76%, 45,76%, dan 52,37%, sedangkan pada kedalaman 8 meter adalah 36,67%, 61,84%, 41,75%, dan 63,30%. Persentase karang mati di Dermaga, KJA, Rekreasi, dan Alami pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 37,53%, 30,68%, 46,05%, dan 24,46%, sedangkan pada kedalaman 8 meter adalah 42,36%, 19,34%, 36,95%, dan 27,29%. Stasiun Rekreasi memiliki kondisi karang yang paling rusak. Indeks keanekaragaman ikan karang tergolong rendah hingga sedang. Kondisi fisik-kimia perairan aman sesuai PP No. 22 Tahun 2021. Parameter fisika-kimia seperti kecerahan, arus, DO, pH, dan salinitas berkorelasi positif terhadap karang dan ikan karang, sementara suhu, nitrat, dan fosfat berkorelasi negatif.Pahawang Island is one of the islands in Lampung Province that has diverse marine ecosystems, one of which is the coral reef ecosystem. Coral reef ecosystems are widely used for associated biota such as foraging, sheltering, and breeding. The research aims to analyze the structure of coral and reef fish communities, as well as analyze the relationship between the percentage of coral cover and reef fish composition with physical and chemical factors of the waters. The research was conducted in August 2023, located in the waters of Pahawang Island. Reef fish data were collected using the underwater visual census (UVC) method and coral data were collected using the underwater photo transect (UPT) method. Physical chemical quality data taken were temperature, current, brightness, DO, pH, salinity, nitrate, phosphate. The relationship between the percentage of coral cover and reef fish composition with physico-chemical parameters was analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. The results of coral cover condition in the waters of Pulau Pahawang ranges from moderate to good. The percentage of live coral cover at Dermaga, KJA, Rekreasi, and Alami stations at a depth of 3 meters is 59.99%, 42.76%, 45.76%, and 52.37%, respectively, while at a depth of 8 meters it is 36.67%, 61.84%, 41.75%, and 63.30%. The percentage of dead coral at Dermaga, KJA, Rekreasi, and Alami stations at a depth of 3 meters is 37.53%, 30.68%, 46.05%, and 24.46%, respectively, while at a depth of 8 meters it is 42.36%, 19.34%, 36.95%, and 27.29%. The Rekreasi station has the most damaged coral condition. The diversity index of reef fish in the waters of Pulau Pahawang is categorized as low to moderate. The physicochemical conditions of the waters are safe and do not exceed the threshold values set by Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021. Physicochemical parameters such as clarity, current, DO, pH, and salinity have a positive correlation with corals and reef fish, while temperature, nitrate, and phosphate have a negative correlation.