An updated review on acne

Abstract

Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects individuals of all ages, particularly during adolescence. It is characterized by the formation of comedones, papules, pustules, and, in severe cases, nodules and cysts. While acne is primarily associated with the pilosebaceous unit, its pathogenesis involves multiple factors, including hormonal imbalances, increased sebum production, abnormal follicular keratinization, and the colonization of Propionibacterium acnes.This review aims to provide an updated understanding of acne, focusing on its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and current management strategies. The pathogenesis of acne involves complex interactions between hormones, sebum production, follicular keratinization, and inflammation. Various predisposing factors, such as genetic susceptibility, diet, and environmental influences, also contribute to the development and exacerbation of acne. Management of acne encompasses a multifaceted approach, including topical and systemic therapies. Topical agents such as retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and antibiotics target different aspects of acne pathogenesis, helping to normalize follicular keratinization, reduce inflammation, and inhibit bacterial growth. Systemic therapies, including oral antibiotics, hormonal agents, and isotretinoin, are often used for moderate to severe cases or those resistant to topical treatments. Additionally, this review highlights emerging therapies and advancements in acne management. Recent research has explored novel treatment options such as laser and light-based therapies, photodynamic therapy, and the use of probiotics and botanical extracts. These interventions show promise in targeting specific aspects of acne pathogenesis and reducing treatment-related adverse effects. Furthermore, the psychological impact of acne and its influence on quality of life are discussed. Acne can significantly affect an individual's self-esteem, body image, and social interactions, underscoring the importance of a holistic approach to patient care. In conclusion, this updated review provides a comprehensive overview of acne, including its pathogenesis, current treatment strategies, and emerging therapies. Understanding the multifactorial nature of acne and staying abreast of advancements in its management will help healthcare professionals provide effective and individualized care to patients suffering from this common dermatological condition. Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects individuals of all ages, particularly during adolescence. It is characterized by the formation of comedones, papules, pustules, and, in severe cases, nodules and cysts. While acne is primarily associated with the pilosebaceous unit, its pathogenesis involves multiple factors, including hormonal imbalances, increased sebum production, abnormal follicular keratinization, and the colonization of Propionibacterium acnes.This review aims to provide an updated understanding of acne, focusing on its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and current management strategies. The pathogenesis of acne involves complex interactions between hormones, sebum production, follicular keratinization, and inflammation. Various predisposing factors, such as genetic susceptibility, diet, and environmental influences, also contribute to the development and exacerbation of acne. Management of acne encompasses a multifaceted approach, including topical and systemic therapies. Topical agents such as retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and antibiotics target different aspects of acne pathogenesis, helping to normalize follicular keratinization, reduce inflammation, and inhibit bacterial growth. Systemic therapies, including oral antibiotics, hormonal agents, and isotretinoin, are often used for moderate to severe cases or those resistant to topical treatments. Additionally, this review highlights emerging therapies and advancements in acne management. Recent research has explored novel treatment options such as laser and light-based therapies, photodynamic therapy, and the use of probiotics and botanical extracts. These interventions show promise in targeting specific aspects of acne pathogenesis and reducing treatment-related adverse effects. Furthermore, the psychological impact of acne and its influence on quality of life are discussed. Acne can significantly affect an individual's self-esteem, body image, and social interactions, underscoring the importance of a holistic approach to patient care. In conclusion, this updated review provides a comprehensive overview of acne, including its pathogenesis, current treatment strategies, and emerging therapies. Understanding the multifactorial nature of acne and staying abreast of advancements in its management will help healthcare professionals provide effective and individualized care to patients suffering from this common dermatological condition.