An unprecedented free radical mechanism for the formation of DNA adducts by the carcinogenic N-sulfonated metabolite of aristolochic acids

Abstract

The carcinogenicity of aristolochic acids (AAs) has been attributed mainly to the formation of stable DNA-aristolactam (DNA-AL) adducts by its reactive N-sulfonated metabolite N-sulfonatooxyaristolactam (N–OSO3--AL). The most accepted mechanism for such DNA-AL adduct formation is via the postulated but never unequivocally-confirmed aristolactam nitrenium ion. Here we found that both sulfate radical and two ALI-derived radicals (N-centered and C-centered spin isomers) were produced by N–OSO3--ALI, which were detected and unequivocally identified by complementary applications of ESR spin-trapping, HPLC-MS coupled with deuterium-exchange methods. Both the formation of the three radical species and DNA-ALI adducts can be significantly inhibited (up to 90%) by several well-known antioxidants, typical radical scavengers, and spin-trapping agents. Taken together, we propose that N–OSO3--ALI decomposes mainly via a new N–O bond homolysis rather than the previously proposed heterolysis pathway, yielding reactive sulfate and ALI-derived radicals, which are together and in concert responsible for forming DNA-ALI adducts. This study presents strong and direct evidence for the production of free radical intermediates during N–OSO3--ALI decomposition, providing an unprecedented free radical perspective and conceptual breakthrough, which can better explain and understand the molecular mechanism for the formation of DNA-AA adducts, the carcinogenicity of AAs and their potential prevention.