Abstract
Abstract. Gas flaring is an important source of atmospheric soot–black carbon, especially in sensitive Arctic regions. However, emissions have traditionally been challenging to measure and remain poorly characterized, confounding international reporting requirements and adding uncertainty to climate models. The sky-LOSA optical measurement technique has emerged as a powerful means to quantify flare black carbon emissions in the field, but broader adoption has been hampered by the complexity of its deployment, where decisions during setup in the field can have profound, non-linear impacts on achievable measurement uncertainties. To address this challenge, this paper presents a prescriptive measurement protocol and associated open-source software tool that simplify acquisition of sky-LOSA data in the field. Leveraging a comprehensive Monte Carlo-based general uncertainty analysis (GUA) to predict measurement uncertainties over the entire breadth of possible measurement conditions, general heuristics are identified to guide a sky-LOSA user toward optimal data collection. These are further extended in the open-source software utility, SetupSkyLOSA, which interprets the GUA results to provide detailed guidance for any specific combination of location, date–time, and flare, plume, and ambient conditions. Finally, a case study of a sky-LOSA measurement at an oil and gas facility in Mexico is used to demonstrate the utility of the software tool, where potentially small regions of optimal instrument setup are easily and quickly identified. It is hoped that this work will help increase the accessibility of the sky-LOSA technique and ultimately the availability of field measurement data for flare black carbon emissions.
Highlights
Gas flaring is a routine practice in the oil and gas industry in which producers and refiners burn excess or unwanted gases in open-atmosphere flames, typically from vertical pipe stacks
The general uncertainty analysis (GUA) identifies generalized constraints based on predicted measurement uncertainties in soot mass column density, computed using sky-LOSA
Johnson: A sky-LOSA data acquisition protocol equipment setup constraints can be classified based on the conditions of the sky, relative positioning of the sun, and inclination angle of the camera
Summary
Gas flaring is a routine practice in the oil and gas industry in which producers and refiners burn excess or unwanted gases in open-atmosphere flames, typically from vertical pipe stacks. Flaring is generally preferable to the venting of gases to the atmosphere because it reduces carbon dioxide (CO2)-equivalent emissions; flaring still emits potent climate-forcing pollutants directly to the atmosphere (Allen and Torres, 2011; Johnson et al, 2001, 2011, 2013; McDaniel, 1983; Pohl et al, 1986). These pollutants have public health implications (e.g., Anenberg et al, 2012) and include unburnt hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter (U.S EPA, 2018). Legendre-expanded SPF into the sky and sun components of the inscattering correction (S1,sky and S1,sun, Eq 7) yields
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