Abstract
A rapid ultrasound accelerated sequential extraction procedure has been used to develop sequential extraction proposed by BCR protocol (the community Bureau of Reference now the European Union “Measurement and Testing Programme”). The effects of the ultrasonic treatment on the extraction of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn from untreated sewage sludge collected from industrial site of Hyderabad city (Pakistan) were compared with those obtained from conventional sequentional extraction procedure of modified BCR protocol. In BCR method, each extraction steps takes 10 h, where as with the use of compromise sonication conditions in ultrasonic bath, steps 1–3 of the sequential extraction (excluding the hydrogen peroxide digestion in step 3, which was not performed with sonication) could be completed in 30, 30 and 30 min, respectively. Extractable Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni contents were obtained by both comparable methodologies were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), while for Cu and Zn Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used. The validations of both methods were compared by the analysis of certified reference material of soil amended with sewage sludge (BCR 483). According to statistical evaluation of the results, the proposed accelerated extraction method is valid alternative to conventional shaking with much shorter extraction time with p value <0.05. The overall metal recoveries in steps 1–3 (excluding residual step) were 95–100% of those obtained with the conventional BCR protocol, except for Cu extracted (91.6%) as related to indicative values of Cu in BCR 483 obtained in 1–3 steps. The results of the partitioning study of untreated industrial waste water sewage sludge, indicate that more easily mobilized forms (acid exchangeable) were predominant for Cd and Zn, in contrast, the largest amount of Pb and Cr was associated with the iron/manganese oxide and organic matter/sulphide fractions.
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