Abstract
This review summarizes some recent developments in the fabrication of modified sensors and biosensors using carbon-based materials. The great potential of carbon-based electrodes as sensing platforms is exciting due to their unique electrical and chemical properties, high accessibility and high biocompatibility. Carbon-based materials are particularly interesting due to almost infinite possibility of their functionalization with a wide variety of organic molecules, biologically important compounds and pharmaceuticals. This review is specifically focused on recent developments in the utilization of various carbon-based electrodes in sensing devices for the electrochemical investigation of drug molecules. Various voltammetric techniques considered in this effort include linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV). The carbon-based electrode materials considered in this review comprise carbon paste, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, and glassy carbon. The analytes chosen are some routinely used drugs such as paracetamol (PC), diclofenac sodium (DCF), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cetirizine (CTZ) and salbutamol (SAL). All here reported sensing electrodes produced very good results in electrochemical investigations of these drug molecules.
Highlights
Drugs are chemical substances of specific structures, which administered to a body, interact and bind with certain proteins and cells and affect physiological function by altering the biological structure
The study carried out by Gholivand et al [118] for the detection of CTZ at GCE modified with a nanocomposite of chitosan, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and ionic liquid (ESA = 0.086 cm2) using differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) technique, showed CTZ redox reaction at the electrode surface controlled by ADS step
This article describes some recent developments of carbon-based electrodes for their possible utilization as sensors for drug molecules
Summary
Drugs are chemical substances of specific structures, which administered to a body, interact and bind with certain proteins and cells and affect physiological function by altering the biological structure. Electrochemical properties of the fabricated sensor were evaluated by CV and DPV techniques in PBS having pH of 7.0, and the redox reaction at the electrode surface was found ADS controlled. The practical application of the prepared novel electrode was demonstrated for the analysis of the pharmaceutical and urine samples In this context, Jyothi et al [100] investigated 5-FU at MWCNTs – paraffin oil paste electrode (ESA = 0.135 cm2) in PBS of pH 7.0, using CV and DPV techniques under optimum conditions. Xin et al [101] described glassy carbon electrode modified with bromothymol blue and MWCNTs (ESA = 0.172 cm2), applied in a study of the electrochemical behavior of 5-FU performed by CV method This reaction was found controlled by ADS kinetic.
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